Bayldonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Neal Luppescu
About Bayldonite
Formula:
PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2
Colour:
Green, apple-green, yellow-green; dark green to black (crystals)
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
5.24 - 5.65
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1865 by Arthur Herbert Church in honor of English physician John Bayldon [1837(8) - April 6, 1872 Melbourne, Australia]. Bayldon received degrees from University of Edinburgh and University of London. In the late 1850's, Bayldon was lecturer of botany at the Royal College of Surgeons at Edinburgh. While in Edinburgh, he also published observations of geological and botanical subjects. He emigrated to Australia in 1866 for health reasons. He became surgeon and medical officer of the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum, and, for a short time before his death from Bright's Disease, was the Superintendent of the Ararat Lunatic Asylum. It is widely stated that John Bayldon found the original specimens. He did not. Church (1865) specifically states that the specimen came from a mineral dealer Mr. [Richard] Talling, who had supplied Church with a number of new species.
Type Locality:
A relatively rare secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
581
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:581:6
Similar Names
| Boltonite | A synonym of Forsterite |
IMA Classification of Bayldonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3Pb2+O(As5+O3OH)2(OH)2
First published:
1865
Classification of Bayldonite
8.BH.45
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.5.14.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
20.5.4
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bay | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Bayldonite
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green, apple-green, yellow-green; dark green to black (crystals)
Streak:
Siskin green to apple green
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal, Fibrous
Density:
5.24 - 5.65 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.707 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bayldonite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.951 nβ = 1.97 nγ = 1.991
2V:
Calculated: 89°
Birefringence:
0.040
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.040
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
Y^elongation = 45°; X=b
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Bayldonite
Mindat Formula:
PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Bayldonite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.081 Å, b = 5.892 Å, c = 10.147 Å
β = 106.5°
β = 106.5°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.39 : 1 : 1.722
Unit Cell V:
807.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare. Common as mammillary crusts with a fibrous structure; fine-grained massive; powdery.
Twinning:
Pseudoscalenohedral trillings with the composition plane (311).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009665 | Bayldonite | Ghose S, Wan C (1979) Structural chemistry of copper and zinc minerals. VI. Bayldonite, (Cu,Zn)3Pb(AsO4)2(OH)2: A complex layer structure Acta Crystallographica B35 819-823 |  | 1979 | Tsumeb, S.W. Africa | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.516 Å | (65) |
| 3.231 Å | (72) |
| 3.148 Å | (100) |
| 2.932 Å | (78) |
| 2.723 Å | (60) |
| 2.658 Å | (55) |
| 2.260 Å | (54) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper- and lead-bearing deposits.
Type Occurrence of Bayldonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Grass-green to blackish green mammillary masses.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
It is commonly reported the type specimen is BM 1921,433 at the Natural History Museum, London, England, UK. This is however incorrect - the specimen that has the strongest links with the analyses of A. Church is BM 1964,R8217, also at the NHM, London.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bayldonite
Other Language Names for Bayldonite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 126 photos of Bayldonite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 121 photos of Bayldonite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 92 photos of Bayldonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 91 photos of Bayldonite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 43 photos of Bayldonite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 28 photos of Bayldonite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 25 photos of Bayldonite associated with Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 25 photos of Bayldonite associated with Arsentsumebite | Pb2Cu(AsO4)(SO4)(OH) |
| 22 photos of Bayldonite associated with Beudantite | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 20 photos of Bayldonite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
| 8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
| 8.BH. | Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
| 8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.20 | Nigelcookite | PbFe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumbojohntomaite | PbFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
| 8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
| 8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Palermoite | Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.30 | Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
| 8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
| 8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
| 8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
| 8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Fluorescence of Bayldonite
Not fluorescent in UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl with difficulty.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bayldonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-581.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bayldonite
Reference List:
Church, A. H. (1865) Chemical researches on some new and rare Cornish minerals. Journal of the Chemical Society, 18. 259-268 doi:10.1039/js8651800259
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.513
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.45
Cesbron, Fabien, Vachey, Helene (1974) The unit-cell and twin of bayldonite. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (306) 716-718 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.306.12
Ghose, S., Wan, C. (1979) Structural chemistry of copper and zinc minerals. VI. Bayldonite, (Cu,Zn)3Pb(AsO4)2(OH)2: a complex layer structure. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 35 (4) 819-823 doi:10.1107/s0567740879004970
Sumin de Portilla, Valentina, Quevedo, Manuel Portilla, Stepanov, Victor I. (1981) The structure of bayldonite: chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, and IR spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 66 (1-2) 148-153
Magalhães, M. Clara F., Pedrosa de Jesus, Julio D., Williams, Peter A. (1988) The Chemistry of Formation of Some Secondary Arsenate Minerals of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (368) 679-690 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.368.12
Makreski, Petre, Jovanovski, Stefan, Pejov, Ljupčo, Petruševski, Gjorgji, Ugarković, Sonja, Jovanovski, Gligor (2015) Theoretical and experimental study of the vibrational spectra of liroconite, Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4∙4H2O and bayldonite, Cu3Pb[O(AsO3OH)2(OH)2]. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 79. 36-43 doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2015.04.006
Localities for Bayldonite
Showing 227 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| King (n.d.) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2006) |
Australia | |
| Leverett et al. (2003) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Worner et al. (1982) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| The Daydream Mine | |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Australian J. Mineralogy 13 (1) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
Austria | |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| - (2004) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Chile | |
| T. Kampf analysis |
| bob jenkins collection |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1991) +2 other references |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1991) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Li et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| American Mineralogist 79 +2 other references |
Europe | |
| Jansa et al. (1998) +2 other references |
France | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Horst Schabereiter collection (visual ID Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| Add Citation Reference SEM-EDS ... |
| Valverde J. (1999) | |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| collection BONNET Frederic |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection | |
| CLAUDE jean-marie : trouvaille et ... | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Steen (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Erzgräber 7 (1993) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Petitjean et al. (2000) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Reinhardt (2011) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) +1 other reference | |
| ohannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) | |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| min max |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Hartmut Hensel collection |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Markl (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| - (2004) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Witzke (2012) |
| Knoll (2009) |
Greece | |
| Hanke (1996) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| |
| Bódi-Tóth-Own found-2010-2013 |
Ireland | |
| Morrissey (1970) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| G. Armellino collection |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Biffi et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Guastoni (2009) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.17 |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| Luigi Chiappino |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2005) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
Mexico | |
| Moore et al. (2003) |
Morocco | |
| Collection & EDX analysis Georges ... +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ettler et al. (2009) | |
| Dunn (1991) |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2020) |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2006) |
Portugal | |
| Rui Nunes - November 2007 |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
Romania | |
| - (2004) |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
South Africa | |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Gröbner et al. (1999) |
| Garrido et al. (2013) |
| Joan Abella i Creus |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| - (2004) |
| Meisser (1999) +1 other reference | |
| - (2004) +1 other reference | |
| EDXS analyses in Feb. 2020 |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Collins (1871) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Michael Merry | |
| Sumin de Portilla et al. (1981) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +2 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Claringbull (1951) +5 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +5 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Raman and EDS confirmed by Dr. Yang |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2023) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| |
| Tucker (1924a) +2 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Housley |
| Murdoch et al. (1942) +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Min News 21:7 p 1 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Marco Ciriotti collection (analysed by SEM-EDS, 2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Penberthy Croft Mine, St Hilary, Cornwall, England, UK