Austinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Austinite
Austin Flint Rogers, 1877-1957
Formula:
CaZn(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Colorless to pale yellowish white or bright green; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Silky
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.13
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Lloyd Williams Staples in 1935 in honor of Austin Flint Rogers (16 August 1877, Lathrop, Missouri, USA - 10 March 1957, Berkeley, California, USA), American mineralogist at Stanford University.
Adelite-Descloizite Group. Austinite-Conichalcite Series. The zinc analogue of Cobaltaustinite and Nickelaustinite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
432
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:432:1
Similar Names
| Austenite | (Fe,C) | |
| Eastonite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Eastonite (of Hamilton) | A variety of Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| Eastonite (of Winchell) | A variety of Biotite | K2Mg5Al4Si5O20(OH)4 |
IMA Classification of Austinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaZn2+As5+O4(OH)
First published:
1935
Classification of Austinite
8.BH.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
Dana 7th ed.:
41.5.1.2
41.5.1.3
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
20.3.9
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Aus | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Austinite
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Silky in aggregates.
Colour:
Colorless to pale yellowish white or bright green; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {011}.
Good on {011}.
Density:
4.13 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.31 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Austinite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.759(3) nβ = 1.763(3) nγ = 1.783(3)
2V:
Measured: 47° , Calculated: 50°
Birefringence:
0.024
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.024
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Austinite
Mindat Formula:
CaZn(AsO4)(OH)
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Austinite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
222 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P212121
Setting:
P212121
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.506(3) Å, b = 9.041(5) Å, c = 5.927(7) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.83 : 1 : 0.656
Unit Cell V:
403.01 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Enantiomorphous bladed crystals elongated [100], radial fibrous crusts and nodules.
Twinning:
Left and right hand individuals joined on (100) with (010) and (001) coincident.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014530 | Austinite | Clark L A, Pluth J J, Steele I M, Smith J V, Sutton S R (1997) Crystal structure of austinite, CaZn(AsO4)OH Mineralogical Magazine 61 677-683 |  | 1997 | Sonora, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
| 0014822 | Austinite | Giuseppetti G, Tadini C (1988) The crystal structure of austinite, CaZn(AsO4)(OH), from Kamareza, Laurion (Greece) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1988 159-166 | 1988 | Kamareza, Laurion, Greece | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.781 Å | (50) |
| 3.171 Å | (100) |
| 2.801 Å | (100) |
| 2.637 Å | (100) |
| 2.529 Å | (60) |
| 1.616 Å | (90) |
| 1.509 Å | (70) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 37-455.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
A rare mineral in the oxidation zone of arsenic bearing base metal deposits.
Type Occurrence of Austinite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Distinct, well developed, orthorhombic crystals of bladed or acicular habit.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type specimen.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of metal deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Austinite
Other Language Names for Austinite
Varieties of Austinite
| Cobalt-bearing Austinite | |
| Copper-bearing Austinite | A Cu-bearing variety of Austinite. Part of the Austinite-Conichalcite Series. Originally reported from Guchab prospect, Guchab-Rodgerberg area, Grootfontein District, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia. |
Relationship of Austinite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Adelite-Descloizite Group:
| Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| 'Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Nickelaustinite)' | PbNi(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 91 photos of Austinite associated with Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 28 photos of Austinite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 23 photos of Austinite associated with Talmessite | Ca2Mg(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 21 photos of Austinite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 17 photos of Austinite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Austinite associated with 'Copper-bearing Adamite' | (Zn,Cu)2AsO4OH |
| 14 photos of Austinite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 12 photos of Austinite associated with Hedyphane | Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8 photos of Austinite associated with 'Copper-bearing Austinite' | Ca(Zn,Cu)(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8 photos of Austinite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
| 8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
| 8.BH. | Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
| 8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.20 | Nigelcookite | PbFe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumbojohntomaite | PbFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
| 8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
| 8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Palermoite | Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.30 | Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
| 8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
| 8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
| 8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
| 8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Fluorescence of Austinite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Austinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-432.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Austinite
Reference List:
Staples, Lloyd W. (1935) Austinite, a new arsenate mineral, from Gold Hill Utah. American Mineralogist, 20 (2) 112-119
Brendler, Wolfgang (1938) On the identity of austinite and brickerite. American Mineralogist, 23 (5) 347-348
Strunz, H. (1939) Mineralien der Descloizitgruppe. Konichalcit, Staszizit, Austinit, Duftit, Aräoxen, Volborthit, Pyrobelonit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 101 (1). 496-506 doi:10.1524/zkri.1939.101.1.496
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z). American Mineralogist, 25 (7). 441-479
Williams, Sidney A., de Azevedo, Julie (1967) Austinite from Gold Hill, Utah. American Mineralogist, 52 (7-8) 1224-1226
Radcliffe, Dennis, Simmons, W. Bruce (1971) Austinite: Chemical and physical properties in relation to conichalcite. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1359-1365
Jambor, J. L., Owens, D. R., Dutrizac, J. E. (1980) Solid solution in the adelite group of arsenates. The Canadian Mineralogist, 18 (2) 191-195
Clark, Lori A., Pluth, Joseph J., Steele, Ian, Smith, Joseph V., Sutton, Stephen R. (1997) Crystal structure of austinite, CaZn(AsO4)OH. Mineralogical Magazine, 61 (408) 677-683 doi:10.1180/minmag.1997.061.408.06
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A. (2003) Molecular structure of the adelite group of minerals - a Raman spectroscopic study. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (2). 104-111 doi:10.1002/jrs.961
Mauro, Daniela, Biagioni, Cristian, Sejkora, Jiří, Dolníček, Zdeněk (2023) Occurrence and crystal chemistry of austinite, conichalcite and zincolivenite from the Peloritani Mountains, northeastern Sicily, Italy. Mineralogical Magazine, 87 (5) 659-669 doi:10.1180/mgm.2023.49(includes structure refinement)
Localities for Austinite
Showing 110 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Personal collection of M. Willoughby. ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
Bolivia | |
| Ahlfeld and Mosebach (1936) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Ruiz Fuller C.-Peebles F. +1 other reference |
| T. Kampf analysis |
| M. Dini collection |
China | |
| Dianhao Huang and Baolin Wang (1997) +2 other references |
| boyuan zhang Collection |
Europe | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
France | |
| Lebocey (2012) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1994) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| 81-82. +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] |
| Samouhos et al. (2024) | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| |
| Heracles Katsaros |
| Heracles Katsaros | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Wilson (2004) |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| Moore (2008) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] King (1981) +2 other references | |
| Moore et al. (2003) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
Morocco | |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Austinite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
| JP Barral collection | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau et al. (2007) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing et al. (2016) | |
| Jahn (2002) +1 other reference |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Anthony et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
North Macedonia | |
| Ermolaeva et al. (2019) |
Poland | |
| Bzowska et al. (2003) |
Slovakia | |
| Radková P. et al. (2019) |
Spain | |
| Fernando de ls Heras y Maraver (1956) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
USA | |
| Raman analysis by Bob Jenkins on ... |
| Keith (1972) |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Adams (2017) |
| Adams (2010) |
| Wise (1993) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Leavens et al. (1980) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference | |
| Twenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral ... | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] 2 +1 other reference |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Collected by John Dagenais and in the ... |
| Collected by and analyzed by Chris ... | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Collected by John Dagenais |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Staples (1935) +3 other references |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Austinite] Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
Zambia | |
| www.lrz.de (n.d.) |
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Gold Hill Mine, Gold Hill, Gold Hill Mining District, Tooele County, Utah, USA