Adamite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mariusz Oleszczuk
About Adamite
Formula:
Zn2(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Ideally white, colourless, frequently pale yellow, honey-yellow, brownish yellow, rose red; blue, pale green to green, may be zoned; bright green (Cu-bearing); bright pink, purple (Co-bearing)
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
4.32 - 4.48
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Charles Friedel in 1866 for Gilbert Joseph Adam (7 April 1795 Seine-et-Marne, Fontainbleau, France - 8 June 1881 Paris, France), Inspector (Auditor) of Finance for the French Government, who supplied the first specimens of his mineral. Adam was a wealthy mineral collector and his mineral collection was described in Annales des Mines in 1869 and later in a published catalog (1869). Adam was also the discoverer of aerugite, chenevixite, corkite, cuprotungstite, scacchite, and xanthiosite. Adam's mineral collection was acquired by the École des Mines, Paris, France. Adam was a member of Société géologique de France and received the honor of Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur.
Dimorph of:
Olivenite Group. Adamite-Olivenite Series.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Paradamite. The Zn analogue of Olivenite.
In terms of chemistry, but not structure, adamite is an arsenic equivalent (stoichiometrically similar to) of tarbuttite. The two minerals are not analogous.
Adamite forms a solid solution with the copper arsenate Olivenite, and the intermediate, structurally distinct member Zincolivenite. (Note: 'zincolivenite' or 'Zn-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.) Many "cuproadamite" or "cuprian adamite" specimens were also found to actually be zincolivenite, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-492496.html.
A secondary mineral found in zinc deposits containing arsenic-bearing minerals.
Crystal structure details (Hill, 1976): there are two types of Zn polyhedra; ZnO4(OH)2 octahedra share edges to form chains || c; the octahedra have common corners with edge-sharing ZnO4(OH) trigonal bipyramid (distorted, but to a lesser degree than that in paradamite). Two types of Zn polyhedra link arsenate tetrahedra to form a framework with O and OH having trigonal coordination.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Adamite.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Paradamite. The Zn analogue of Olivenite.
In terms of chemistry, but not structure, adamite is an arsenic equivalent (stoichiometrically similar to) of tarbuttite. The two minerals are not analogous.
Adamite forms a solid solution with the copper arsenate Olivenite, and the intermediate, structurally distinct member Zincolivenite. (Note: 'zincolivenite' or 'Zn-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.) Many "cuproadamite" or "cuprian adamite" specimens were also found to actually be zincolivenite, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-492496.html.
A secondary mineral found in zinc deposits containing arsenic-bearing minerals.
Crystal structure details (Hill, 1976): there are two types of Zn polyhedra; ZnO4(OH)2 octahedra share edges to form chains || c; the octahedra have common corners with edge-sharing ZnO4(OH) trigonal bipyramid (distorted, but to a lesser degree than that in paradamite). Two types of Zn polyhedra link arsenate tetrahedra to form a framework with O and OH having trigonal coordination.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Adamite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
21
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:21:1
Similar Names
| Adakite | A rock subtype | |
| Adamsite | A variety of Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Adamsite-(Y) | A valid IMA mineral species | NaY[CO3]2 · 6H2O |
| Adanite | A valid IMA mineral species | Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4) |
IMA Classification of Adamite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zn2+2As5+O4(OH)
First published:
1866
Classification of Adamite
8.BB.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
Dana 7th ed.:
41.6.6.3
41.6.6.3
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
20.3.1
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ad | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Adamite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Adamite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Ideally white, colourless, frequently pale yellow, honey-yellow, brownish yellow, rose red; blue, pale green to green, may be zoned; bright green (Cu-bearing); bright pink, purple (Co-bearing)
Comment:
Colourless or faintly tinted in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
on {101}, good; on {010}, poor.
on {101}, good; on {010}, poor.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
4.32 - 4.48 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.435 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Adamite
Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.708 - 1.722 nβ = 1.742 - 1.744 nγ = 1.763 - 1.773
2V:
Measured: 78° to 90°, Calculated: 74° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.05
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.051 - 0.055
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong r > v or r < v
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In pale colours if cuprian or cobaltian.
Chemistry of Adamite
Mindat Formula:
Zn2(AsO4)(OH)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Fe,Co
Crystallography of Adamite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Setting:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.304 Å, b = 8.524 Å, c = 6.036 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.974 : 1 : 0.708
Unit Cell V:
427.25 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals of variable morphology. Often elongated [010], also elongated [001], rarely elongated [100]. Tabular at times {101} or equant. Commonly forms radial aggregates, fanlike rosettes or crystalline crusts.
Crystallographic forms of Adamite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020670 | Adamite | Jinnouchi S, Yoshiasa A, Sugiyama K, Shimura R, Arima H, Momma H, Miyawaki R (2016) Crystal structure refinements of legrandite, adamite, and paradamite: The complex structure and characteristic hydrogen bonding network of legrandite Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 111 35-43 | 2016 | Ojuela Mine, Mapimi, Durango, Mexico | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005122 | Adamite | Hawthorne F C (1976) A refinement of the crystal structure of adamite The Canadian Mineralogist 14 143-148 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000532 | Adamite | Hill R J (1976) The crystal structure and infrared properties of adamite American Mineralogist 61 979-986 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017648 | Adamite | Kokkoros P (1937) Ueber die Struktur von Adamin. _cod_database_code 1010925 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 96 417-434 | 1937 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.944 Å | (60) |
| 4.897 Å | (90) |
| 4.242 Å | (60) |
| 2.967 Å | (90) |
| 2.698 Å | (80) |
| 2.448 Å | (100) |
| 1.608 Å | (80) |
Comments:
Mapimi, Mexico.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral in the oxidised zone of zinc- and arsenic-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits.
Type Occurrence of Adamite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Paris, France, number 16976.
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 66.34.
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 66.34.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Adamite
Other Language Names for Adamite
Varieties of Adamite
| Aluminium-bearing Adamite | Note : Not all blue adamites contain Al! |
| Cobalt-bearing Adamite | A name for a supposed cobalt-bearing variety of adamite, but actually a very small amount of cobalt is required to give adamite a pink colour. Originally reported from Cap Garonne Mine, Pradet, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. Note: the pink t... |
| Copper-bearing Adamite | A variety of Adamite containing some copper. Originally reported from Cap Garonne Mine, Pradet, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. A member of the Adamite-Olivenite Series, with zinc dominant over copper but excludes the structurally distinct, i... |
| Manganese-bearing Adamite | A manganiferous variety of Adamite. |
| Nickel-bearing Adamite | A nickel-bearing variety of adamite. |
Relationship of Adamite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Olivenite Group:
| Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O | |
| Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 242 photos of Adamite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 119 photos of Adamite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 118 photos of Adamite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 110 photos of Adamite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 91 photos of Adamite associated with Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 87 photos of Adamite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 65 photos of Adamite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 47 photos of Adamite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 36 photos of Adamite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 32 photos of Adamite associated with Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BB. | Moabite | NiFe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB. | Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB. | Paulgrothite | Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3 |
| 8.BB. | Karlditmarite | Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2 |
| 8.BB. | Milkovoite | Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4) |
| 8.BB.X | Arsenowagnerite | Mg2(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.05 | Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.10 | Zwieselite | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.10 | Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O |
| 8.BB.15 | Joosteite | Mn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Hydroxylwagnerite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Sarkinite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Holtedahlite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Satterlyite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BB.25 | Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.35 | Paradamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.35 | Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.40 | Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Meizhouite | Fe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Hentschelite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Wilhelmkleinite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Dokuchaevite | Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Yaroshevskite | Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 |
| 8.BB.50 | Namibite | Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.50 | Aleutite | [Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) · (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)Cl |
| 8.BB.52a | Ericlaxmanite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.52b | Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.55 | Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BB.55 | Popovite | Cu5O2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.60 | Urusovite | CuAl(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.65 | Theoparacelsite | Cu3(As2O7)(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.70 | Turanite | Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BB.75 | Stoiberite | Cu5(VO4)2O2 |
| 8.BB.80 | Fingerite | Cu11(VO4)6O2 |
| 8.BB.85 | Averievite | Cu6(VO4)2O2Cl2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Richellite | CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Zinclipscombite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Adamite
May fluoresce or phosphoresce lemon-yellow under SW and LW UV.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, it decrepitates feebly, and gives a little water, becoming white and porcelanous. On charcoal, it fuses, producing a coating of zinc oxide, and a faint odor of arsenic. In a closed tube with soda and charcoal, it gives a ring of arsenic.
Notes:
Readily soluble in dilute acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Adamite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-21.html
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References for Adamite
Reference List:
Spencer, L. J. (1914) Note on the pleochroism of Adamite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 17 (79) 114-115 doi:10.1180/minmag.1914.017.79.07
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.35
Ungemach, Henri (1921) Sur l'Adamite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 44 (6) 122-127 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1921.3766
Larsen, E.S.; Berman, H. (1934) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey Vol. 848. US Geological Survey p.1-266. doi:10.3133/b848 p.195
Strunz, H. (1936) Vergleichende röntgenographische und morphologische Untersuchung von Andalusit (AlO)AlSiO4, Libethenit (CuOH)CuPO4 und Adamin (ZnOH)ZnAsO4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 94 (1-6). 60-73 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.94.1.60
Kokkoros, P. (1937) Über die Struktur von Adamin. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 96 (1-6). 417-434 doi:10.1524/zkri.1937.96.1.417
Mrose, Mary E. (1948) Adamite from the Ojuela Mine, Mapimi, Mexico; with notes on the occurrence, by Daniel E. Mayers and Francis A. Wise. American Mineralogist, 33 (7-8) 449-457
Hill, Roderick J. (1976) The crystal structure and infrared properties of adamite. American Mineralogist, 61 (9-10) 979-986
Hawthorne, F. C. (1976) A refinement of the crystal structure of adamite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14 (2) 143-148
Kato, Toshio, Miúra, Yasunori (1977) The crystal structures of adamite and paradamite. Mineralogical Journal, 8 (6) 320-328 doi:10.2465/minerj.8.320
Toman, K. (1978) Ordering in olivenite–adamite solid solutions. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 34 (3) 715-721 doi:10.1107/s0567740878003933
Chisholm, J. E. (1985) Cation segregation and the O-H stretching vibration of the olivenite-adamite series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12 (3) 185-190 doi:10.1007/bf00308212
Zema, M., Tarantino, S. C., Boiocchi, M., Callegari, A. M. (2016) Crystal structure of adamite at high temperature. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (5) 901-914 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.030
Jinnouchi, Satoshi, Yoshiasa, Akira, Sugiyama, Kazumasa, Shimura, Reiko, Arima, Hiroshi, Momma, Koichi, Miawaki, Ritsurou (2016) Crystal structure refinements of legrandite, adamite, and paradamite: The complex structure and characteristic hydrogen bonding network of legrandite. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 111 (1) 35-43 doi:10.2465/jmps.141216
Paulsen, Christian, Reimann, Maximilian Kai, Holtkamp, Michael, Galéa-Clolus, Valérie, Karst, Uwe, Pöttgen, Rainer (2023) Cobalt-bearing adamite from Cap Garonne, Mine du Pradet, France – structural relationship to olivenite and magnetic behavior. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 238 (11) 355-362 doi:10.1515/zkri-2023-0037
Localities for Adamite
Showing 472 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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The
Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico