Libethenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Libethenite
Formula:
Cu2(PO4)(OH)
Colour:
Light to dark green, blackish green, olive-green; bluish green to light green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
3.97
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1823 by August Breithaupt after the type locality – Ľubietová (Libethen in German, Libetbánya in Hungarian), Slovak Republic. Prior to 1919, the locality was in the territory of Hungary.
Type Locality:
Olivenite Group. Libethenite-Olivenite Series.
Compare zincolibethenite.
Libethenite is a secondary copper phosphate mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. The phosphate is often derived from the weathering of apatite and other rock-forming phosphates such as monazite and xenotime.
A rare case of probable primary libethenite from a greisen deposit is reported by Sejkora et al. (2006).
Compare zincolibethenite.
Libethenite is a secondary copper phosphate mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. The phosphate is often derived from the weathering of apatite and other rock-forming phosphates such as monazite and xenotime.
A rare case of probable primary libethenite from a greisen deposit is reported by Sejkora et al. (2006).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2394
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2394:4
IMA Classification of Libethenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+2PO4(OH)
Classification of Libethenite
8.BB.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
Dana 7th ed.:
41.6.6.2
41.6.6.2
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
19.2.1
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Lib | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lib | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Libethenite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Somewhat greasy on fracture surfaces.
Colour:
Light to dark green, blackish green, olive-green; bluish green to light green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Very indistinct on {100} and {010}.
Very indistinct on {100} and {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.97 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.972 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Libethenite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.701 - 1.704 nβ = 1.743 - 1.747 nγ = 1.787 - 1.79
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°, Calculated: 88°
Birefringence:
0.080
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.086
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong r > v
Optical Extinction:
XYZ = bca
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= Pale yellowish blue
Z= Pale greenish blue
Z= Pale greenish blue
Chemistry of Libethenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2(PO4)(OH)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As
Crystallography of Libethenite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.062(5) Å, b = 8.384(4) Å, c = 5.881(2) Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.962 : 1 : 0.701
Unit Cell V:
404.27 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic or slightly elongated [100] with wedge-shaped terminations; also equant. {110} vertically grooved or striated, and {011} striated parallel to the edge with {111}.
Twinning:
None observed.
Crystallographic forms of Libethenite
Crystal Atlas:
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Libethenite no.1 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Libethenite no.10 - {011} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Libethenite no.15 - {011} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020445 | Libethenite | Belik A A, Naumov P, Kim J, Tsuda S (2011) Low-temperature structural phase transition in synthetic libethenite Cu2PO4OH Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184 3128-3133 | 2011 | Synthetic | 0 | 180 | |
| 0020446 | Libethenite | Belik A A, Naumov P, Kim J, Tsuda S (2011) Low-temperature structural phase transition in synthetic libethenite Cu2PO4OH Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184 3128-3133 | 2011 | Synthetic | 0 | 120 | |
| 0005154 | Libethenite | Cordsen A (1978) A crystal-structure refinement of libethenite The Canadian Mineralogist 16 153-157 |  | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017896 | Libethenite | Heritsch H (1940) Die Struktur des Libethenites Cu2 (O H) (P O4) _cod_database_code 1010980 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 102 1-12 | 1940 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.807 Å | (80) |
| 4.820 Å | (100) |
| 4.756 Å | (70) |
| 3.720 Å | (50) |
| 2.644 Å | (40) |
| 2.627 Å | (60) |
| 2.412 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 36-404
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Libethenite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Polymetallic hydrothermal or deposit
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Libethenite
Other Language Names for Libethenite
Dutch:Libetheniet
French:Libéthénite
Aphérèse (of Beudant)
Cuivre Phosphaté (of Haüy)
Aphérèse (in part)
Aphérèse (of Beudant)
Cuivre Phosphaté (of Haüy)
Aphérèse (in part)
German:Libethenit
Blättricher Olivenmalachit
Blättricher Olivenmalachite
Blättriger Olivenmalachit
Diprismatischer Oliven-Malachit
Diprismatischer Olivenmalachit
Libethkupfererz
Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Oktaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Rhombisches Phosphorkupfer
Olivenerz (in part)
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Blättricher Olivenmalachit
Blättricher Olivenmalachite
Blättriger Olivenmalachit
Diprismatischer Oliven-Malachit
Diprismatischer Olivenmalachit
Libethkupfererz
Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Oktaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Rhombisches Phosphorkupfer
Olivenerz (in part)
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Italian:Aferesa
Portuguese:Libetenite
Russian:Либетенит
Simplified Chinese:羟磷铜矿
Slovak:Libethenit
Spanish:Libethenita
Traditional Chinese:羥磷銅石
Varieties of Libethenite
Relationship of Libethenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Olivenite Group:
| Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O | |
| Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 324 photos of Libethenite associated with Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 275 photos of Libethenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 112 photos of Libethenite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 102 photos of Libethenite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 84 photos of Libethenite associated with Halloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) |
| 82 photos of Libethenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 46 photos of Libethenite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 25 photos of Libethenite associated with Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 18 photos of Libethenite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 17 photos of Libethenite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BB. | Moabite | NiFe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB. | Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB. | Paulgrothite | Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3 |
| 8.BB. | Karlditmarite | Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2 |
| 8.BB. | Milkovoite | Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4) |
| 8.BB.X | Arsenowagnerite | Mg2(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.05 | Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.10 | Zwieselite | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.10 | Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O |
| 8.BB.15 | Joosteite | Mn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Hydroxylwagnerite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Sarkinite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Holtedahlite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Satterlyite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BB.25 | Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.35 | Paradamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.35 | Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.40 | Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Meizhouite | Fe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Hentschelite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Wilhelmkleinite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Dokuchaevite | Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Yaroshevskite | Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 |
| 8.BB.50 | Namibite | Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.50 | Aleutite | [Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) · (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)Cl |
| 8.BB.52a | Ericlaxmanite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.52b | Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.55 | Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BB.55 | Popovite | Cu5O2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.60 | Urusovite | CuAl(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.65 | Theoparacelsite | Cu3(As2O7)(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.70 | Turanite | Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BB.75 | Stoiberite | Cu5(VO4)2O2 |
| 8.BB.80 | Fingerite | Cu11(VO4)6O2 |
| 8.BB.85 | Averievite | Cu6(VO4)2O2Cl2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Richellite | CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Zinclipscombite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Libethenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids and ammonia.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Libethenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2394.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Libethenite
Reference List:
Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p.1036 - Blättricher Olivenmalachite
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.569
Rammelsberg, Carl Friedrich (1860) Handbuch der Mineralchemie (1st ed.) Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. p.344 - as Pseudo-libethenite
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.100
Strunz, H. (1936) Vergleichende röntgenographische und morphologische Untersuchung von Andalusit (AlO)AlSiO4, Libethenit (CuOH)CuPO4 und Adamin (ZnOH)ZnAsO4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 94 (1-6). 60-73 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.94.1.60
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z). American Mineralogist, 25 (7). 441-479 p.452
Guillemin, Claude (1956) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. II. — Phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 79 (4). 219-275 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1956.5073
Cordsen, A. (1978) A crystal-structure refinement of libethenite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16 (2) 153-157
Yakubovich, O. V., Melnikov, O. K. (1993) Copper phosphates: libethenite Cu2(PO4)(OH) and Cu2.5Mn(PO4)2(OH) - synthesis and crystal structures. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 49 (s1). c277 doi:10.1107/s0108767378092272
Reddy, S. N., Ravikumar, R. V. S. S. N., Reddy, B. J., Rao, P. S. (1995) Optical and EPR spectra of libethenite mineral. Ferroelectrics, 166 (1). 55-62 doi:10.1080/00150199508223572
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Kloprogge, J. Theo, Leverett, Peter (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper phosphate minerals cornetite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (4). 260-263 doi:10.1002/jrs.850
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L. (2003) An infrared spectroscopic study of the basic copper phosphate minerals: Cornetite, libethenite, and pseudomalachite. American Mineralogist, 88 (1) 37-46 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0105
Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z., Gabašová, A., Škoda, R., Beran, P. (2006) Supergene minerals at the Huber stock and Schnöd stock deposits, Krásno ore district, the Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 51 (1-2) 57-101
Belik, Alexei A., Koo, Hyun-Joo, Whangbo, Myung-Hwan, Tsujii, Naohito, Naumov, Panče, Takayama-Muromachi, Eiji (2007) Magnetic Properties of Synthetic Libethenite Cu2PO4OH: a New Spin-Gap System. Inorganic Chemistry, 46 (21) 8684-8689 doi:10.1021/ic7008418
Zema, M., Tarantino, S. C., Callegari, A. M. (2010) Thermal behaviour of libethenite from room temperature up to dehydration. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (3) 553-565 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.3.553
Belik, Alexei A., Naumov, Panče, Kim, Jungeun, Tsuda, Shunsuke (2011) Low-temperature structural phase transition in synthetic libethenite Cu2PO4OH. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 184. 3128-3133 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2011.09.026
Kharbish, Sherif, Andráš, Peter, Luptáková, Jarmila, Milovská, Stanislava (2014) Raman spectra of oriented and non-oriented Cu hydroxy-phosphate minerals: Libethenite, cornetite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 130. 152-163 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.144
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Števko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Milovská, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, Kröhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Majzlan, Juraj, Mathur, Ryan, Milovský, Rastislav, Milovská, Stanislava (2022) Isotopic exchange of oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen and copper between aqueous phase and the copper minerals brochantite, libethenite and olivenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (4) 644-651 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.77
Localities for Libethenite
Showing 312 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Dina (1993) |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. | |
Australia | |
| McLean (2004) |
| Chapman et al. (2005) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets +1 other reference |
| McLean et al. (2004) |
| McLean et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| McLean et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Libethenite] Birch et al. (1997) |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| |
| Henry et al (1999) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Day (1998) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Crane et al. (2001) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Karl Volkman collection | |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Zahn Gotch collection | |
| Noble (1980) +3 other references |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| Judy Rowe collection | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Henry et al. (1988) +3 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Clarke et al. (1986) |
| Clarke et al. (1986) | |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Van Der Meersche (1993) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
Bolivia | |
| Joy Desor analyses by EDS and Raman |
Brazil | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Santos et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) |
Chile | |
| Bárbara Romero et al. (2011) |
| Jarrell (1939) +2 other references |
| Collected by Samuel Gordon in 1938. ... | |
| Codelco |
| Maurizio Dini collection - analysed ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Terry Szenics |
| Leon Hupperichs collection | |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| Lieber et al. (1993) |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
| Teck Resources Limited |
China | |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Jingqu Yao (1981) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| Gröbner et al. (2004) |
| J.Gröbner 2004 | |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) | |
| . Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) +3 other references |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| RMMA collection +2 other references |
| Lhoest (1992) | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Bull. Mineral. |
| Lhoest (1992) |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Piret et al. (1985) |
| |
| M Kampf collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Sośnicka et al. (2019) |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| Glencore plc | |
| Deliens (1989) | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
Finland | |
| Mäkitie et al. (1.86-1.79 Ga) |
| Alviola | |
France | |
| Mario Mebus collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Robert PECORINI collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1991) +2 other references |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis (10) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Markl (1990) |
| Christof Schäfer |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) +1 other reference |
| R. Lang pers. finds | |
| Martin (1994) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Confirmed by Steffen Michalski |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
Greece | |
| Green libethenite microcrystals forming ... +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Larocca (2012) |
| Balestra et al. (2007) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Perchiazzi N. (1986) |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
| Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Takada & Matsubara (1989) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
Laos | |
| Michael Stott |
Mexico | |
| |
| Moore (2008) | |
| |
| Espinosa Perea (1999) |
| In the collection of Georges Favreau. |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Braith et al. (2001) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1972 38 : ... |
Mongolia | |
| Davaasuren et al. (2016) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| EDS and Raman analyzed by Joy Desor. |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| Pedro Alves and Rui Nunes visit 18 July ... |
| Bello mineral collection in the MNHN ... +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Artur Neves collection | |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves et al. (2013) | |
| Bello +1 other reference |
| Manuel Maia's mineral collection |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Spirifer Minerals specimens |
| Demetrius Pohl +1 other reference | |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Slovakia (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Števko et al. (2017) | |
| Števko M. |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Windisch (2014) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
Spain | |
| Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ... |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Minerales y Minas de España et al. (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo et al. (2011) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
UK | |
| |
| Phillips (1823) +3 other references |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
| 90 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 17 +4 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ex Richard W.Barstow who found this ... | |
| |
| |
| Peter Trebilcock Collection. |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| BMS Collection |
| |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Van King and Rolf Luetcke specimens | |
| Rolf Luetcke | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Peterson et al. (1946) +5 other references | |
| Reed et al. (1962) |
| Joachim Esche collection | |
| U. S. Geol. Survey et al. (1905) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:421 +3 other references | |
| Personal communication with Robert ... +1 other reference | |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) | |
| R. D. Green |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Khin (1970) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Jones et al. (1983) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| D.Court collection |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +1 other reference |
| Jenkins et al. (2002) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Photos in mindat galleries. Material ... |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Pullman et al. (1999) | |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Am Min 38:191-196 +2 other references |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Collected by Patrick Haynes. Visual ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Ray DeMark collection |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark et al. (1999) |
| King et al. (1995) | |
| Rocks & Min.:58:183. |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 &/or 60: 110 ... |
| Černý et al. (1985) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bideaux (1973) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 166. |
Uzbekistan | |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Eilu (2003) | |
Zambia | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Libethenite] Korowski et al. (1980) |
| Dan Weinrich specimen |
| Korowski et al. (1978) |
| Korowski et al. (1978) |
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Miguel Vacas Mine, Nossa Senhora da Conceição e São Bartolomeu, Vila Viçosa, Évora, Portugal