Olivenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Olivenite
Formula:
Cu2(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Olive green to yellow or brown, gray-green, grayish white; light green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Silky, Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
4.46
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named arseniksaures kupfererz by Martin Klaproth in 1786 in reference to the chemical composition. Named olivenerz by Abraham G. Werner in 1789 in allusion to its olive-green color. Robert Jameson changed the ending "erz" to "ite" in 1820. Synonyms include: "holzkupfererz" (Bournon, 1801) and "pharmacochalzite" (Hausmann, 1813).
Type Locality:
Olivenite Group. Adamite-Olivenite Series. Libethenite-Olivenite Series.
The copper analogue of Adamite.
May be confused with Zincolivenite which is a chemically and structurally distinct species with a defined ratio of Zn:Cu.
Note: The designations 'Zincolivenite' or 'Zinc-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.
A relatively common, thermodynamically very stable secondary copper mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits containing arsenic-bearing phases, especially Tennantite, Enargite and others.
The copper analogue of Adamite.
May be confused with Zincolivenite which is a chemically and structurally distinct species with a defined ratio of Zn:Cu.
Note: The designations 'Zincolivenite' or 'Zinc-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.
A relatively common, thermodynamically very stable secondary copper mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits containing arsenic-bearing phases, especially Tennantite, Enargite and others.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2981
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2981:6
Similar Names
| Olefinite | A variety of 'Bitumen' ['Petroleum'] |
| Olivinite | A rock subtype |
IMA Classification of Olivenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+2As5+O4(OH)
Classification of Olivenite
8.BB.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
41.6.6.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
20.1.2
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Oli | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Olivenite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Olivenite
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Silky, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly to silky when it is fibrous.
Colour:
Olive green to yellow or brown, gray-green, grayish white; light green in transmitted light.
Comment:
Straw yellow if fibrous.
Streak:
Olive green to brown
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {101} and {110}
Indistinct on {101} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
4.46 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Olivenite
Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.747 - 1.780 nβ = 1.788 - 1.820 nγ = 1.829 - 1.865
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°, Calculated: 46° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.084
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.082 - 0.085
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong r > v or r < v moderate
Optical Extinction:
Y=c
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In green and yellow.
Absorption Y > X, Z.
Absorption Y > X, Z.
Chemistry of Olivenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2(AsO4)(OH)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,P
Crystallography of Olivenite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.5844(3) Å, b = 8.2084(3) Å, c = 5.9258(2) Å
β = 90.130(3)°
β = 90.130(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.046 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell V:
417.56 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals elongated [100]; also short prismatic to acicular [001]; tabular on {011}, {100}, or {001}, less common. Occurs as globular or reniform masses with a fibrous structure with the fibers straight and divergent, rarely irregular; curved lamellar; massive, granular to earthy; nodular.
Twinning:
On {010}
Crystallographic forms of Olivenite
Crystal Atlas:
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Olivenite no.9 - {011} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Olivenite no.19 - {011} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010486 | Olivenite | Li C, Yang H, Downs R T (2008) Redetermination of olivenite from an untwinned single-crystal Acta Crystallographica E64 i60-i61 |  | 2008 | Majuba Hill, Pershing County, Nevada, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0005462 | Olivenite | Burns P C, Hawthorne F C (1995) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of olivenite: A twinned monoclinic structure The Canadian Mineralogist 33 885-888 |  | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005461 | Olivenite | Burns P C, Hawthorne F C (1995) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of olivenite: A twinned monoclinic structure The Canadian Mineralogist 33 885-888 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009599 | Olivenite | Toman K (1977) The symmetry and crystal structure of olivenite Acta Crystallographica B33 2628-2631 | | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009598 | Olivenite | Toman K (1977) The symmetry and crystal structure of olivenite Acta Crystallographica B33 2628-2631 | | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018015 | Olivenite | Heritsch H (1938) Die Struktur des Olivenites Cu2 O H As O4 _cod_database_code 1011121 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 99 466-479 | | 1938 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.91 Å | (70) |
| 4.82 Å | (90) |
| 4.19 Å | (60) |
| 2.98 Å | (100) |
| 2.65 Å | (60) |
| 2.47 Å | (70) |
| 2.39 Å | (70) |
Comments:
Handbook of Mineralogy, v. 4
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Commonly found in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Olivenite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a copper deposit
Synonyms of Olivenite
Other Language Names for Olivenite
Catalan:Olivenita
Dutch:Oliveniet
German:Olivenit
Arseniksaures Kupfererz
Holzkupfererz
Laurochalcit
Olivenkupfer
Pharmacholzit
Pharmacochalcit
Pharmacochalzit
Pharmacolzit
Pharmakochalcit
Pharmakochalzit
Prismatischer Olivenmalachit
Olivenerz (in part)
Arseniksaures Kupfererz
Holzkupfererz
Laurochalcit
Olivenkupfer
Pharmacholzit
Pharmacochalcit
Pharmacochalzit
Pharmacolzit
Pharmakochalcit
Pharmakochalzit
Prismatischer Olivenmalachit
Olivenerz (in part)
Italian:Olivenite
Polish:Olivenit
Portuguese:Olivenite
Russian:Оливенит
Simplified Chinese:橄榄铜矿
Slovak:Olivenit
Spanish:Laurochalcita
Olivenita
Olivenita
Traditional Chinese:橄欖銅礦
Varieties of Olivenite
| Cobalt-bearing Olivenite | |
| Leucochalcite | Fibrous white variety of olivenite. |
| Wood Copper | A variety of olivenite showing a massive, fibrous structure, resembling wood. See also Wood Tin. |
| Zinc-bearing Olivenite | Zinc-bearing olivenite compositionally falling short of the cation-ordered, intermediate member of the Adamite-Olivenite Series, Zincolivenite. See also Adamite-Olivenite Series. |
Relationship of Olivenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Olivenite Group:
| Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O | |
| Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 349 photos of Olivenite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 284 photos of Olivenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 257 photos of Olivenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 229 photos of Olivenite associated with Cornwallite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 188 photos of Olivenite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 104 photos of Olivenite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 97 photos of Olivenite associated with Clinoclase | Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 72 photos of Olivenite associated with Cornubite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 66 photos of Olivenite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 65 photos of Olivenite associated with Pharmacosiderite | KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BB. | Moabite | NiFe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB. | Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB. | Paulgrothite | Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3 |
| 8.BB. | Karlditmarite | Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2 |
| 8.BB. | Milkovoite | Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4) |
| 8.BB.X | Arsenowagnerite | Mg2(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.05 | Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.10 | Zwieselite | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.10 | Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)' | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O |
| 8.BB.15 | Joosteite | Mn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Hydroxylwagnerite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wagnerite | Mg2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Sarkinite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Holtedahlite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Satterlyite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BB.25 | Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.35 | Paradamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.35 | Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.40 | Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Meizhouite | Fe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Hentschelite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Wilhelmkleinite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Dokuchaevite | Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Yaroshevskite | Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 |
| 8.BB.50 | Namibite | Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.50 | Aleutite | [Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) · (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)Cl |
| 8.BB.52a | Ericlaxmanite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.52b | Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.55 | Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BB.55 | Popovite | Cu5O2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.60 | Urusovite | CuAl(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.65 | Theoparacelsite | Cu3(As2O7)(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.70 | Turanite | Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BB.75 | Stoiberite | Cu5(VO4)2O2 |
| 8.BB.80 | Fingerite | Cu11(VO4)6O2 |
| 8.BB.85 | Averievite | Cu6(VO4)2O2Cl2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Richellite | CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Zinclipscombite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Olivenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids and in ammonia.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Olivenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2981.html
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References for Olivenite
Reference List:
Richard Kirwan (1794) Elements of Mineralogy - second edition Vol. 1. P. Elmsly, The Strand.p.151 - as Olive Copper Ore
Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p.1042 - as Pharmacochalzit
Jameson, Robert (1820) System of Mineralogy (3rd ed.) Vol. 2. Archibald Constable & Co., Edinburgh.p.335
Hillebrand, W. F., Washington, H. S. (1888) Notes on certain rare copper minerals from Utah. American Journal of Science, s3-35 (208). 298-307 doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.208.298p.298
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.116
Strunz, H. (1936) Vergleichende röntgenographische und morphologische Untersuchung von Andalusit (AlO)AlSiO4, Libethenit (CuOH)CuPO4 und Adamin (ZnOH)ZnAsO4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 94 (1-6). 60-73 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.94.1.60
Heritsch, Haymo (1938) Die Struktur des Olivenites Cu2(OH)(AsO4). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 99 (1). 466-479 doi:10.1524/zkri.1938.99.1.466
Jarrell, O. W. (1939) Marshite and other minerals from Chuquicamata, Chile. American Mineralogist, 24 (10) 629-635 p.632
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z). American Mineralogist, 25 (7). 441-479 p.453
Berry, L. G. (1951) Observations on conichalcite, cornwallite, euchroite, liroconite and olivenite. American Mineralogist, 36 (5-6) 484-503
Toman, K. (1977) The symmetry and crystal structure of olivenite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 33 (8) 2628-2631 doi:10.1107/s0567740877009042
Toman, K. (1978) Ordering in olivenite–adamite solid solutions. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 34 (3) 715-721 doi:10.1107/s0567740878003933
Braithwaite, R. S. W. (1983) Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the olivenite-adamite series, and of phosphate substitution in olivenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (342) 51-57 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.342.09
Chisholm, J. E. (1985) Cation segregation and the O-H stretching vibration of the olivenite-adamite series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12 (3) 185-190 doi:10.1007/bf00308212
Frost, Ray L., Martens, Wayde N., Williams, Peter A. (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the phase-related basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornwallite, cornubite and clinoclase. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (6). 475-484 doi:10.1002/jrs.880
Martens, Wayde N., Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) The basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornubite, cornwallite, and clinoclase: An infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study. American Mineralogist, 88 (4) 501-508 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0404
Li, Chen, Yang, Hexiong, Downs, Robert T. (2008) Redetermination of olivenite from an untwinned single-crystal. Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 64 (9). i60-i61 doi:10.1107/s1600536808026676
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Števko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Milovská, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, Kröhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Tarantino, Serena C., Zema, Michele, Callegari, Athos M., Boiocchi, Massimo, Carpenter, Michael A. (2018) Monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition in Cu2(AsO4)(OH) olivenite at high temperature: strain and mode decomposition analyses. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2). doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.048
Majzlan, Juraj, Mathur, Ryan, Milovský, Rastislav, Milovská, Stanislava (2022) Isotopic exchange of oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen and copper between aqueous phase and the copper minerals brochantite, libethenite and olivenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (4) 644-651 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.77
Majzlan, Juraj, Plumhoff, Alexandra, Števko, Martin, Steciuk, Gwladys, Plášil, Jakub, Dachs, Edgar, Benisek, Artur (2023) Thermodynamic and structural variations along the olivenite–libethenite solid solution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 35 (2). 157-169 doi:10.5194/ejm-35-157-2023
Localities for Olivenite
Showing 674 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Brodtkorb (2006) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) +3 other references | |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis, to be published) |
| Leverett et al. (2003) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Olivenite] Day et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Haupt (2012) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Catalog of Sount Australian Minerals-1983 ("reported from the Spring Creek mine") |
| |
| Peter Keller Collection | |
| |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| XRD confirmed at Museum of South ... |
| Hodkinson et al. (1989) |
| Bosworth |
| brokenhillmineralclub.wikispaces.com (2010) |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Bottrill |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Australian J. Mineralogy 13 (1) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Clissold (2007) |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Western Mail Newspaper (Perth) +1 other reference |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Putz (2004) |
| Kirchner et al. (2004) |
| C.Auer (2025) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Poeverlein (2008) | |
| Christian Auer (2014) |
| Postl (1981) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2022) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Hermann (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| C.Auer (2015) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Brazil | |
| Lapis 32 (12) +1 other reference |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| sergio varvello collectino | |
Bulgaria | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Mincheva-Stefanova (1968) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Chile | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (XRD-analysed) |
| X-ray diffraction probed [Uwe Kolitsch] +1 other reference |
| Ondruš et al. (2006) | |
| V. Sapienza collection | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| Jarrell (1939) +1 other reference |
| Codelco |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
| T. Kampf analysis |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| Various EDS and PXRD analyses. |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +2 other references |
| Specimen collected by Bob Jenkins. In ... | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| Anglo American plc |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
China | |
| He Xuemei; Yu (2011) |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1988) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (2025) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Shen (n.d.) | |
| Atagnis Tairitsu Collection |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +5 other references |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) | |
| . Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) +3 other references |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Sejkora et al. (2015) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| |
DR Congo | |
| Gécamines (1977) |
Ecuador | |
| Samuel Mácias Collection |
Europe | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
| Quellmalz (1992) +3 other references |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| SEM-EDS analyses at "Laboratoire Magmas ... |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Mourey (2017) | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Bari (1982) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection | |
| Bari (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Meisser et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Club Eymoutiers Minéraux (2003) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Pélisson et al. (1987) |
| Boisson et al. (2018) |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] www.zampano.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Caubel (1997) |
| collection bernard bouissac/antoine ... |
| erbain +2 other references |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| François Garric collection; Georges ... |
| R.Pauvert |
| Mari et al. (1997) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) +5 other references | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +4 other references |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection | |
| Pierre Monniot specimen | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gruber (2000) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| |
| Schrenk (2000) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Walenta et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526 |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Markl (1992) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Joachim et al. (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Dana 6: 140 +1 other reference |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Petitjean et al. (2000) | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Blaß et al. (1996) |
| |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Heinrich et al. (2011) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Identified by Gerhard Möhn and Joy ... |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Marcus Voigt Collection +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hartmut Hensel collection |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Markl (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| ... | |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Martin et al. (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Effenberger et al. (2000) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Lapis (2008) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2008) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| ex-coll. G.Hoffmann (Jena) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Heymann (1982) | |
| 62 +2 other references |
| Wendel (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Ko Jansen |
| Chollet Pascal photo | |
| 42. +1 other reference | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
Ireland | |
| |
| Ixer |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) | |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Palenzona et al. (2002) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (1994) |
| RD+EDS by Franco Demartin and Italo Campostrini (Milano University) +2 other references |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| EDX analysis by Italo Campostrini |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Published on LIBVRNA N°1 may 2021. Analysed by Spectralab srl (SEM/EDS and Raman) |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| “Studi e Ricerche” Volume n. 26 +5 other references |
Japan | |
| Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia V. 15, 2003) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Jean des Rivieres |
| Jones et al. (2021) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Larson (2001) |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Favreau (2026) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDS +1 other reference | |
| JP Barral collection +1 other reference |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Collection and Collected by (Font Philippe) |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Olivenite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Barral (2023) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2015) | |
Namibia | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ettler et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| Kjærnet (2000) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Davies |
Poland | |
| Domań +2 other references |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Siuda et al. (2006) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] J. Kornaga collection |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Wieser et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| |
| Artur Neves and Pedro Alves collections |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| IST Lisbon collection |
| Rui Nunes September 2008 (from Christian Rewitzer) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Cook (2007) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko |
| Števko et al. (2021) | |
| Kodě +3 other references | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Števko et al. (2011) | |
| Pauliš (1977) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Sejkora J. | |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2008) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Jacko Schonken collection photo ID ... | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Species list by Dr. Hans Börner |
Spain | |
| Ko Jansen |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Pesudo Verde Collection +1 other reference |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Olivenite] Viñals et al. (2004) |
| Ko Jansen |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2021) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| José Miguel Sola | |
| Jose Miguel Sola collection |
| Calvo (2015) |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Cesar Menor Salvan |
| Gröbner et al. (1999) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus and Joan Viñals i Olià (2012) |
| Joan Abella i Creus |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
| PXRD by Dr Anthony Kampf |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2015) | |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda et al. (2003) |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Olivenite] Calvo Rebollar (2006) | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] Honrubia et al. (2002) |
| J.C. Tarin collection |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) | |
| [var: Cobalt-bearing Olivenite] Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
| Juan Miguel Casanova +1 other reference |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Olivenite] issuu.com (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Collection and photos of Adrian Pesudo | |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (1999) |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| 29-56. +1 other reference | |
| Gröbner (2014) |
| Krähenbühl et al. (1999) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
Taiwan | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection |
UK | |
| |
| Bernie Millington Collection |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Richard de Nul collection +1 other reference | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Barstow et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +3 other references |
| Mike Merry |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Phillips (1823) +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Embrey et al. (1987) | |
| Lapis 11 (2) | |
| [var: Wood Copper] Phillips (1823) +2 other references | |
| Hill et al. (1906) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Ansermet (2007) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Virginia Maine |
| Robin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004) |
| [var: Wood Copper] Phillips (1823) +4 other references | |
| Phillips (1823) +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) |
| |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Steve Rust collection +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Collins (1876) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Smyth et al. (1864) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury (xxxx) +3 other references |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Kendall (1884) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1868) |
| |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references |
| Greg et al. (1858) |
| Ian Jones collection. | |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
| Minerals of Britian and Ireland |
| |
| Wolfe (2000) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Ron Layton self collected |
| Raman +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Bruce J. Murphy collection +1 other reference | |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Kiersch (1949) +2 other references |
| Jones (1980) +1 other reference |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Wilson et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Crowley (1975) |
| Adams (2017) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 | |
| Wise (1993) |
| King et al. (1993) |
| Rocks & Minerals: Sept |
| |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS: MRDS record M242230 | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Storm Sears collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| K. Starnes | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Leucochalcite] Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Lasky (1947) +1 other reference |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| Eckhard Stuart +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| R&M 71:1 p66-68 |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Kenney Gay - North Carolina Geological ... | |
| Genth et al. (1881) |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Dana 6: 1088 +3 other references |
| Dana et al. (1892) +2 other references |
| [var: Leucochalcite] From the collection of Tom Wyman. ID by ... | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 130. +3 other references | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:1092 & A3:45 +1 other reference | |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Patrick Haynes. ID's via Tony Kampf | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| 3 +3 other references | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) +2 other references |
| SEM EDS confirmed by Rob Bowell. |
| Collection of Alex Earl |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany