Conichalcite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Conichalcite
Formula:
CaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Green, yellow-green, greenish yellow; light green to yellowish green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Earthy
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4.33
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by August Breithaupt and Carl Julius Fritzsche in 1849 from the Greek κουία for "konis" (powder) and χαλκος for "chalkos" (copper) in allusion to its composition and appearance of the mineral at times.
Isostructural with:
Adelite-Descloizite Group. An end member in the Austinite-Conichalcite Series, the Cobaltaustinite-Conichalcite Series, the Conichalcite-Duftite Series, and the Conichalcite-Tangeite Series.
Arsenate analogue of hermannroseite.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits.
Arsenate analogue of hermannroseite.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1119
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1119:4
IMA Classification of Conichalcite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaCu2+As5+O4(OH)
First published:
1849
Classification of Conichalcite
8.BH.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.5.1.2
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
20.1.12
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Con | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Conichalcite
Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Green, yellow-green, greenish yellow; light green to yellowish green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.33 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density of the fibrous material ranges down to about 4.1.
Optical Data of Conichalcite
Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.778 - 1.800 nβ = 1.795 - 1.831 nγ = 1.801 - 1.846
Birefringence:
0.034
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.023 - 0.046
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Dispersion:
Strong r < v to r < v moderate
Optical Extinction:
XYZ = cba
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Nearly colorless or green Y = Light greenish or yellowish green Z = Pale bluish or blue-green
Comments:
Data for pleochroism relates to Bristol (left) and Bisbee (right).
Chemistry of Conichalcite
Mindat Formula:
CaCu(AsO4)(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mg,P,V,Zn
Crystallography of Conichalcite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
222 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P212121
Setting:
P212121
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.393(1) Å, b = 9.220(1) Å, c = 5.830(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.802 : 1 : 0.632
Unit Cell V:
397.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Typically radial fibrous aggregates, botyroidal to reniform crusts, massive, rarely equant crystals are short prismatic [010].
Twinning:
Rare on {001}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018381 | Conichalcite | Sakai S, Yoshiasa A, Sugiyama K, Miyawaki R (2009) Crystal structure and chemistry of conichalcite, CaCu(AsO4)(OH) Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 104 125-131 | 2009 | Gozaisho mine, Fukushima, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018380 | Conichalcite | Sakai S, Yoshiasa A, Sugiyama K, Miyawaki R (2009) Crystal structure and chemistry of conichalcite, CaCu(AsO4)(OH) Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 104 125-131 | 2009 | Higgins mine, Arizona, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010485 | Conichalcite | Henderson R R, Yang H, Downs R T, Jenkins R A (2008) Redetermination of conichalcite, CaCu(AsO4)(OH) Acta Crystallographica E64 i53-i54 |  | 2008 | Maria Catalina mine, Tierra Amarilla, Chile | 0 | 293 |
| 0005080 | Conichalcite | Qurashi M M, Barnes W H (1963) The structures of the minerals of the descloizite and adelite groups: IV - descloizite and conichalcite (part 2) The structure of conichalcite The Canadian Mineralogist 7 561-577 |  | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.10 Å | (50) |
| 3.14 Å | (90) |
| 2.84 Å | (100) |
| 2.59 Å | (100) |
| 2.56 Å | (50) |
| 1.720 Å | (60) |
| 1.609 Å | (70) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 37-448, 11-306
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
An uncommon alteration product in the oxidation zone of copper deposits. Typically an alteration product of enargite.
Type Occurrence of Conichalcite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 21297.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Conichalcite
Other Language Names for Conichalcite
Dutch:Conichalciet
German:Konichalcit
Conichalcit
Conichalcit
Polish:Staszycyt
Russian:Конихальцит
Spanish:Conicalcita
Relationship of Conichalcite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Adelite-Descloizite Group:
| Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| 'Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Nickelaustinite)' | PbNi(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 369 photos of Conichalcite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 188 photos of Conichalcite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 171 photos of Conichalcite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 160 photos of Conichalcite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 138 photos of Conichalcite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 123 photos of Conichalcite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 82 photos of Conichalcite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 64 photos of Conichalcite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 60 photos of Conichalcite associated with Rosasite | (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 50 photos of Conichalcite associated with Cornwallite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
| 8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
| 8.BH. | Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
| 8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.20 | Nigelcookite | PbFe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumbojohntomaite | PbFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
| 8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
| 8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Palermoite | Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.30 | Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
| 8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
| 8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
| 8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
| 8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Fluorescence of Conichalcite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Notes:
Easily soluble in HCl or HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Conichalcite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1119.html
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References for Conichalcite
Reference List:
Palache, Charles, Shannon, Earl. V. (1920) Higginsite, a new mineral of the olivenite group. American Mineralogist, 5 (9) 155-157 (as Higginsite)
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.60
Gillson, Joseph L. (1926) Conichalcite from the Bristol Mine, Lincoln County, Nevada. American Mineralogist, 11 (5) 109-114
Strunz, H. (1939) Mineralien der Descloizitgruppe. Konichalcit, Staszizit, Austinit, Duftit, Aräoxen, Volborthit, Pyrobelonit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 101 (1). 496-506 doi:10.1524/zkri.1939.101.1.496
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z). American Mineralogist, 25 (7). 441-479
Berry, L. G. (1951) Observations on conichalcite, cornwallite, euchroite, liroconite and olivenite. American Mineralogist, 36 (5-6) 484-503
Henderson, Rachel R., Yang, Hexiong, Downs, Robert T., Jenkins, Robert A. (2008) Redetermination of conichalcite, CaCu(AsO4)(OH). Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 64 (9). i53-i54 doi:10.1107/s1600536808024173
SAKAI, Shunsuke, YOSHIASA, Akira, SUGIYAMA, Kazumasa, MIYAWAKI, Ritsuro (2009) Crystal structure and chemistry of conichalcite, CaCu(AsO4)(OH) Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 104 (3) 125-131 doi:10.2465/jmps.080430
Localities for Conichalcite
Showing 498 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sillitoe et al. (2023) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2023) | |
| Bourgoin (2009) |
| Sureda |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) +3 other references | |
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| McNeill (1973) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Personal collection - refer photo +2 other references |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Day et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Peter Elliott | |
| Peter Elliott pers. comm. | |
| S Sorrell (pers comm) | |
| Bosworth et al. (2001) |
| Bayliss et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al |
| Francis (2010) |
| Bosworth |
| |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Murray Thompson +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| G.Indra 1997 |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (in prep.) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Offenbacher (1991) |
| Poeverlein +1 other reference |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| C.Auer (2015) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Bulgaria | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Canada | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor | |
| |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) | |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| T. Kampf analysis |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| SEM-EDS +1 other reference | |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
| Sample in the I. Domeyko Museum | |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
| Dr. Bob Jenkins collection +1 other reference | |
| Specimen collected by Bob Jenkins. In ... | |
| Uwe Kolitsch & Tamara Djordjevic (single-crystal XRD and EPMA) +3 other references | |
| maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Anglo American plc |
China | |
| He Xuemei; Yu (2011) |
| Lairen Lai and Yuxue Rao (1987) |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Baogui Zhang et al. (2002) | |
| Mu Yang and Shenglin Peng (2006) |
| Mu Yang and Shenglin Peng (2006) |
| Mu Yang and Shenglin Peng (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer 1992 | |
| Černý |
| Jan Hloušek |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Deliens (1989) |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
Europe | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
| www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.) | |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| JP Ferrandon find & collection |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpubl. PXRD and EDS analyses) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| T. Brunsperger observations | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| collection BONNET Frederic |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Lheur C. et al. (2002) |
| Caubel (1997) |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| van den Berg (1987) +2 other references |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Brill et al. (2017) |
| Markl (2017) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis (10) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Hajek (2006) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| min max |
| XRD by Joy Desor |
| Hartmut Hensel collection |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis (5) +1 other reference |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) | |
| Effenberger et al. (2000) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) | |
| 81-82. +1 other reference |
| Witzke (1996) |
| Knoll (2009) |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Tony Nikischer specimen | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
| Heymann (1982) | |
| 62 +2 other references |
| Wendel (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Möckel (2000) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2023) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2023) | |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) |
| Seemann et al. (2008) |
| Ottens et al. (2018) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (powder X-ray diffraction) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
Iran | |
| Vincent Bourgoin +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| de Haller |
Italy | |
| SEM-EDS (AMI UK Service) |
| Palenzona (1979) +1 other reference |
| Balestra (2016) | |
| Pipino (1984) |
| Castellaro et al. (2023) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani F. et al. (2019) |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Cingolani G. (1979) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (1994) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2010) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Senesi F. (1999) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi (2004) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| MATSUBARA et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| boyuan zhang Collection |
| - (n.d.) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| OHNISHI et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Ryoji Tanaka |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| - (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Belova et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Belova et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| - (2004) |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| Peter Megaw |
| Panczner (1987) +1 other reference |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| King (1981) +1 other reference |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Checked +2 other references |
| Johannes Swarts |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Jones et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Steven (1993) +1 other reference |
| Gebhard (1999) +1 other reference |
| Jahn (2002) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Markham (1959) | |
Peru | |
| Jolyon Ralph collection (purchased in Tucson, 2008) |
| Hyršl (2005) |
| Thames Valley Minerals Specimen |
Poland | |
| Domań +3 other references |
| Ciurej et al. (2022) |
| Morozewicz (1918) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| analyzed by Sándor Szakáll (XRD and EDS) |
| 1-Rădulescu Dan |
Russia | |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2015) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko et al. (2016) |
| Kráčmar L. (2022) |
South Africa | |
| Woolf (2023) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) | |
Spain | |
| Ko Jansen |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Rafa Muñoz Alvarado collection |
| José Miguel Sola +3 other references |
| José Miguel Sola Fernández and group. |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Jose Miguel Sola collection |
| CASTRO et al. (2022) | |
| C. MENOR-SALVÁN (2012) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Annal. Phys. Chem. (Poggendorf) +2 other references | |
| Breithaupt et al. (1849) +1 other reference |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. | |
| J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006) |
| Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Mesa et al. (2002) |
| Gutiérrez et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Josep Sanchez Lafuente i Mariol ... |
| López (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Viñals et al. (1990) |
| Joan Rosell | |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Miguel David Martinez (Elite Fine Minerals) |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda et al. (2003) |
| Weiß (2002) | |
| Viñals et al. (2007) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
| issuu.com (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Sweden | |
| Jörgen Langhof et al. (2025) |
Switzerland | |
| Roth et al. (2022) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
Taiwan | |
| |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| National Museum of Wales database |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1920) +5 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Robert Bowell and Rolf Luetcke |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Howell (1977) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Raman +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Hunt (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Eckhard D. Stuart |
| Onac (2025) |
| Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference |
| Schaller et al. (1958) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Collection of Barry Murphy |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Brian Beck Collected | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) | |
| Crowley (1975) +2 other references |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Ron Layton. +1 other reference |
| Adams (2000) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 | |
| CDMG OFR 94-11 Mineral Land ... |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2022) |
| R. Housley (2008) |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... |
| Kepper et al. (2000) |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| MarekC Collection May 2016 |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Foord et al. (1980) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Moore et al. (1979) |
| |
| Personally collected | |
| Gobla (2012) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2025) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Weissman collection - visual ID based ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bob Werner (2009) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks and Minerals: 74 (6) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Adams (2019) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Woodward (1944) |
| Dunn (1995, 2004) |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference | |
| Twenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral ... | |
| Rolf Luetcke | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 | |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 |
| R&M 71:1 p66-68 | |
| DeMark (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| DeMark (1989) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jay Penn collection |
| 5th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1985) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Mineral Notes & News et al. (Feb, 1974) +2 other references |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Mackenzie (1885) +3 other references |
| From the collection of Tom Wyman. ID by ... | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dana 6: 1092 +2 other references | |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Ko Jansen |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Mineral Collector 1:12 p179 |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| 3 +4 other references | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bernstein (1986) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2023) |
Zambia | |
| Simusokwe (2021) |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany