Antlerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Antlerite
Antler Mine Headframe, 2018
Antler Mine, Pine Peak, Hualapai Mining District, Hualapai Mountains, Mohave County, Arizona, USA
Antler Mine, Pine Peak, Hualapai Mining District, Hualapai Mountains, Mohave County, Arizona, USA
Formula:
Cu3(SO4)(OH)4
Colour:
Emerald-green to blackish-green, also light green.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.88
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1889 by William F. Hillebrand after the type locality at the Antler Mine, Mohave Co., Arizona, USA.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zone of copper deposits in arid regions.
Less common than the related and sometimes visually similar brochantite with which it may be confused.
Metastable at ambient temperature with respect to brochantite; appears to form at usually higher temperatures (60-80°C) (Yoder et al., 2007).
Less common than the related and sometimes visually similar brochantite with which it may be confused.
Metastable at ambient temperature with respect to brochantite; appears to form at usually higher temperatures (60-80°C) (Yoder et al., 2007).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
268
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:268:8
IMA Classification of Antlerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3(S6+O4)(OH)4
First published:
1889
Classification of Antlerite
7.BB.15
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
30.1.12.1
30.1.12.1
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)m(XO4)pZq, where m:p>2:1
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)m(XO4)pZq, where m:p>2:1
25.2.6
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Atl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Antlerite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Antlerite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Emerald-green to blackish-green, also light green.
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}, poor on {100}.
Perfect on {010}, poor on {100}.
Density:
3.88 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Antlerite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.726 nβ = 1.738 nγ = 1.789
2V:
Measured: 53° , Calculated: 54°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.063
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
Very strong, r < v.
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = b; Y = a; Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Yellow-green; Y = Blue-green; Z = Green.
Chemistry of Antlerite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(SO4)(OH)4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Antlerite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.244(2) Å, b = 11.987(3) Å, c = 6.043(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.688 : 1 : 0.504
Unit Cell V:
597.17 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly thick tabular {010}; also equant or short prismatic [001]. Also as cross-fiber veinlets or friable interlaced aggregates of acicular or fibrous crystals; felt-like; granular.
Comment:
Space Group: Pnam.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005229 | Antlerite | Hawthorne F C, Groat L A, Eby R K (1989) Antlerite, Cu3SO4(OH)4, a heteropolyhedral wallpaper structure The Canadian Mineralogist 27 205-209 |  | 1989 | Torre Capdulla, Lerida, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0014031 | Antlerite | Vilminot S, Richard-Plouet M, Andre G, Swierczynski D, Guillot M, Bouree-Vigneron F, Drillon M (2003) Magnetic structure and properties of Cu3(OH)4SO4 made of triple chains of spins s=1/2, Journal of Solid State Chemistry 170 255-264 | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.86 Å | (100) |
| 2.566 Å | (85) |
| 3.60 Å | (75) |
| 2.683 Å | (75) |
| 6.01 Å | (25) |
| 5.40 Å | (25) |
| 2.503 Å | (25) |
Comments:
Synthetic. ICDD 7-407.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
In weathered zones of carbonate-poor copper deposits in arid regions.
Type Occurrence of Antlerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Soft lumps of ore of a light green color (no crystals).
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 47698 (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidation zone of copper deposit.
Synonyms of Antlerite
Other Language Names for Antlerite
Varieties of Antlerite
| Vernadskite | Initially considered as a new mineral, but later shown to be a pseudomorph of Antlerite after Dolerophanite. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 24 photos of Antlerite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 17 photos of Antlerite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 17 photos of Antlerite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 15 photos of Antlerite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 15 photos of Antlerite associated with Carbonatecyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(CO3,SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 10 photos of Antlerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 10 photos of Antlerite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 9 photos of Antlerite associated with Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8 photos of Antlerite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
| 7 photos of Antlerite associated with Kröhnkite | Na2Cu(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BB. | Iskandarovite | Sb6O7(SO4)2 |
| 7.BB. | Brumadoite | Cu3(Te6+O4)(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 7.BB. | Novikovite | (NH4)4Mo6+2Mo5+2O8(SO4)5 |
| 7.BB.10 | Hauckite | Fe3+3(Mg,Mn2+)24Zn18(SO4)4(CO3)2(OH)81 |
| 7.BB.20 | Dolerophanite | Cu2(SO4)O |
| 7.BB.25 | Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 7.BB.25 | Ramaccioniite | Cu4[SeO4](OH)6 |
| 7.BB.30 | Vergasovaite | Cu3(SO4)(MoO4,SO4)O |
| 7.BB.30 | Cupromolybdite | Cu3O(MoO4)2 |
| 7.BB.35 | Klebelsbergite | Sb4O4(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BB.35 | Tavagnascoite | Bi4O4(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BB.40 | Schuetteite | Hg2+3(SO4)O2 |
| 7.BB.45 | Paraotwayite | Ni(OH)2-x(SO4,CO3)0.5x |
| 7.BB.50 | Xocomecatlite | Cu3(TeO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BB.55 | Pauflerite | (V4+O)SO4 |
| 7.BB.60 | Grandviewite | Cu3Al2(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.BB.65 | Timroseite | Pb2Cu5(TeO6)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BB.70 | Glikinite | Zn3O(SO4)2 |
| 7.BB.80 | Mojaveite | Cu6[Te6+O4(OH)2](OH)7Cl |
| 7.BB.85 | Paratimroseite | Pb2Cu4(TeO6)2(H2O)2 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in dilute H2SO4.
Pseudomorphs of cuprite after fibrous antlerite have been observed.
Pseudomorphs of cuprite after fibrous antlerite have been observed.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Antlerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-268.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Antlerite
Reference List:
Arzruni, A.; Thaddéeff, K. (1899) Neue Minerale aus Chile, ein neues Vorkommen von Utahit und ein neues Wismuthcarbonat von Schneeberg. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 31 (1-6). 229-247 doi:10.1524/zkri.1899.31.1.229 [as Stelznerit]
Schaller, W. T. (1911) Die Identität von Stelznerit und Antlerit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 49 (1-6). 11-13 doi:10.1524/zkri.1911.49.1.11
Ungemach, Henri (1924) Sur l'antlérite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 47 (5) 124-129 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1924.3939
Audrieth, Ludwig F., Martens, James H. C. (1925) Antlerite from Chuquicamata, Chile. American Mineralogist, 10 (7) 161-162
Jarrell, O. W. (1944) Oxidation at Chuquicamata, Chile. Economic Geology, 39 (4) 251-286 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.39.4.251
Mrose, Mary E. (1961) Vernadskite discredited: pseudomorphs of antlerite after dolerophanite. American Mineralogist, 46 (1-2) 146-154
Araki, Takaharu (1961) The crystal structure of antlerite. Mineralogical Journal, 3 (4) 223-235 doi:10.2465/minerj1953.3.223
Finney, J. J., Araki, T. (1963) Refinement of the crystal structure of antlerite. Nature, 197 (4862) 70 doi:10.1038/197070a0
Hawthorne, F. C., Groat, L. A., Eby, R. K. (1989) Antlerite, Cu3SO4(OH)4, a heteropolyhedral wallpaper structure. The Canadian Mineralogist, 27 (2) 205-209
Frost, R. L. (2003) Raman spectroscopy of selected copper minerals of significance in corrosion. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 59 (6) 1195-1204 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00315-3
Vilminot, S, Richard-Plouet, M, André, G, Swierczynski, D, Guillot, M, Bourée-Vigneron, F, Drillon, M (2003) Magnetic structure and properties of Cu3(OH)4SO4 made of triple chains of spins s=1/2. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 170. 255-264 doi:10.1016/s0022-4596(02)00081-6
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Leverett, Peter, Kloprogge, J. Theo (2004) Raman spectroscopy of basic copper(II) and some complex copper(II) sulfate minerals: Implications for hydrogen bonding. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 1130-1137 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0726
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Yoder, C. H., Agee, T. M., Ginion, K. E., Hofmann, A. E., Ewanichak, J. E., Schaeffer, C. D., Carroll, M. J., Schaeffer, R. W., McCaffrey, P. F. (2007) The relative stabilities of the copper hydroxyl sulphates. Mineralogical Magazine, 71 (5) 571-577 doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.5.571
Huang, Ling, Qui, D., Zhao, B. (2012) Crystal structure of catena-(μ2-hydroxo)-tris(μ3-hydroxo)-(μ6-sulfato)-tricop per(II), Cu3H4O8S. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures, 227 (4) 435-436 doi:10.1524/ncrs.2012.0235(= antlerite)
Localities for Antlerite
Showing 347 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020) | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020) | |
| Dina (1993) |
| Dill et al. (2013) |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Day (1998) | |
| |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Per Vic Cloete. |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| costas constantinides | |
| Jon Mommers collection. +1 other reference | |
| Munro-Smith et al. (2015) |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Joel Dyer collection |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill & Baker +1 other reference |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
| Clarke et al. (1986) |
| Clarke et al. (1986) | |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Kolitsch (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +2 other references |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| POSTL et al. (1983) +2 other references |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Postl (1977) |
| Postl (1977) | |
| - (1994, July) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Sabina (1976) | |
| Schindler et al. (2012) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Can. Museum of Nature & Horváth ... |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Bárbara Romero et al. (2011) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| samples of Antlerite were analysed by ... |
| Pieczonka et al. (2017) | |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Werthessen (2016) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| samples analysed by Jochen Schlüter |
| Bandy (1938) +1 other reference |
| Rodrigo Rojas Arancibia specimens | |
| Freeport-McMoRan | |
| Audley Capital |
| Mr. Terry Szenics. |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| V. Sapienza collection |
| Samples in the collection of professor Claudio Canut De Bon (La Serena, Chile) |
| BHP |
China | |
| Ruofeng Gao et al. (2008) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection. Visual ... |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Lheur (2023) | |
| Pascal Chollet collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| Dincuff (2008) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Mandarino (1996) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Belendorff (1988) |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Heinrich et al. (2011) |
| Pock et al. (2000) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1984) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| ... | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1996) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| www.uni-bamberg.de (n.d.) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Rüger et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Schreiber et al. (2003) | |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1988) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Lefteris Rantos collection |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological ... |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
India | |
| Panigrahi et al. (1997) |
Iran | |
| Bariand (1963) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Zambonini (1910) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +3 other references | |
| Pellino et al. (2025) | |
| M.E. Ciriotti et al. (P. Rögner analysis) |
| Borgo et al. (1988) |
| UK AMI Service (Torino University) |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Gian Claudio Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16 |
| Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Domenico Preite |
| Am Min 67:385-393 +1 other reference | |
| Rögner et al. (2000) |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
Japan | |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Christophe Boutry collection |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Valencia et al. (2006) +2 other references |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2026) |
Myanmar | |
| Dill et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| Hanold et al. (04/2021) |
New Zealand | |
| Essence of Microscope |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2021) |
| Husdal (2019) |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Freeport-McMoRan | |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska B. et al. (2006) |
| Cu +2 other references |
| Wieser et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
| |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| Nunes (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Apopei et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Serafimova et al. (1994) |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) | |
| [var: Vernadskite] Savva et al. (2023) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2024) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +2 other references |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Sejkora J. | |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda Graf Collection |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| CASTRO et al. (2022) | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Joy Desor analysis by Raman spectroscopy: Desor (2018) |
| Joan Abella i Creus |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
Turkey | |
| Kautz et al. (1966) |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Ansermet (2007) |
| Steve Rust collection. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Young (1987) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Bridges et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2003-404 (Hudson,2003) +1 other reference | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Graeme et al. (2021) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rob Bowell |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2023) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Besse (1981) |
| Hutton (1959) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027008 |
| Hutton (1959) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027031 |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Identified by Tony Kampf |
| Hillebrand (1889) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10103762 |
| Rocks & Min.: 15:278 +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1926) +1 other reference | |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Hall (1958) +3 other references |
| Mackevett (1953) +4 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Marty | |
| collected at 2B site by and in the ... +1 other reference |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2025) | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Kinkel et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 67:6 p390-395 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| M Massis collection |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Collection of Patrick Haynes. Found in ... | |
| Carpenter (1976) |
| Foord et al. (1985) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 1125 |
| Joe Marty Collection |
| Roland Schmidt Collection No. 2321 |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| USGS TEI #514 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Min News 14:10 p 4 +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| Loucks (1976) |
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Chuquicamata Mine, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta, Chile