Beudantite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Beudantite
François Sulpice Beudant [September 5, 1787 Paris, France – December 10, 1850 Paris, France]
Formula:
PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.48
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Armand Lévy in 1826 in honor of François Sulpice Beudant [September 5, 1787, Paris, France – December 10, 1850, Paris, France], systematic Mineralogist, University of Paris, Paris, France. Beudant introduced many new mineral names in his books that have superseded older names.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The arsenate analogue of corkite with which a complete solid-solution range exists. Also forms a solid solution with segnitite and plumbojarosite from which it is difficult to distinguish.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits. It shows a large variety of different habits (tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral, very rarely also acicular).
Some beudantite (and segnitite) may contain minor Sb replacing Fe.
Compare chemically very similar unnamed species: UM1976-04-AsOSO:CuFeHPb and UM1975-08-AsOSO:FeHPb.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits. It shows a large variety of different habits (tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral, very rarely also acicular).
Some beudantite (and segnitite) may contain minor Sb replacing Fe.
Compare chemically very similar unnamed species: UM1976-04-AsOSO:CuFeHPb and UM1975-08-AsOSO:FeHPb.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
652
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:652:3
Similar Names
| Beudantine | A synonym of Nepheline |
IMA Classification of Beudantite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+Fe3+3(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)6
First published:
1826
Classification of Beudantite
8.BL.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
43.4.1.1
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
22.3.24
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
3 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with sulphates
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
3 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with sulphates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bdn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bdt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Beudantite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
May be frosted.
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Streak:
Grayish yellow to green
Hardness:
3½ - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Good on {0001}
Density:
4.48(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 4.49 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Beudantite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.957 nε = 1.943
Birefringence:
0.014
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Yellow to red-brown
E = Colourless to yellow
E = Colourless to yellow
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial, exhibiting sectoring. Crystals may exhibit three biaxial sectors around an uniaxial core (Laurion).
Chemistry of Beudantite
Mindat Formula:
PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Al,P
Chemical Analysis
wt%
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Al | 1.27 % |
| Fe | 24.04 % |
| P | 0.59 % |
| S | 1.39 % |
| As | 4.09 % |
| Pb | 27.83 % |
| Total: | 59.21 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Beudantite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.32 Å, c = 17.02 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.325
Unit Cell V:
789.79 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Pseudo-cubic. Crystals tabular, pseudo-cubes, pseudo-cuboctahedra or pseudo-octahedra; very rarely also acicular. Microcrystalline massive.
Crystallographic forms of Beudantite
Crystal Atlas:
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Beudantite no.1 - {102} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.2 - {102} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.4 - {021} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005220 | Beudantite | Szymanski J T (1988) The crystal structure of beudantite, Pb(Fe,Al)3((As,S)O4)2(OH)6 The Canadian Mineralogist 26 923-932 |  | 1988 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.725 Å | (50) |
| 5.089 Å | (45) |
| 3.108 Å | (50) |
| 3.078 Å | (100) |
| 2.865 Å | (80) |
| 2.290 Å | (70) |
| 1.979 Å | (35) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 19-689 (somewhat different)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in oxidation zone of polymetallic deposits.
Type Occurrence of Beudantite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Aggregates of small crystals. Truncated equant rhombohedrons.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a polymetallic ore deposit.
Synonyms of Beudantite
Other Language Names for Beudantite
Varieties of Beudantite
Relationship of Beudantite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Beudantite Group:
| Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Slottaite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| 'UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH' | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | |
| 'Unnamed (Fe-analogue of Weilerite and Ba-analogue of Oberwolfachite)' | BaFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | |
| Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Hex. |
| Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 203 photos of Beudantite associated with Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 160 photos of Beudantite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 73 photos of Beudantite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 57 photos of Beudantite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 41 photos of Beudantite associated with Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 38 photos of Beudantite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 26 photos of Beudantite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 22 photos of Beudantite associated with Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 20 photos of Beudantite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 19 photos of Beudantite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Metaheimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Arsenobenauite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Slottaite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | 'UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH' | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Stibiosegnitite | Pb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | 'Viséite' | |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | 'Arsenoflorencite-(Nd)' | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | 'Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite)' | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | 'Arsenowaylandite' | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Beudantite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Beudantite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-652.html
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References for Beudantite
Reference List:
Dauber, H. (1857) Ueber Svanbergit und Beudantit. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 176. 579-580 doi:10.1002/andp.18571760408[actually corkite]
Hartley, E. G. J. (1900) Communications from the Oxford Mineralogical Laboratory. On the constitution of the natural Arsenates and Phosphates. Part IV.—Beudantite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57) 234-238 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.02
Lacroix, Alfred (1915) Sur la beudantite du Laurion et sur la non-existence de la lossenite comme espèce distincte. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 38 (1) 35-38 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1915.3604
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1960) Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 423-432 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.01
Walenta, Kurt, Walenta, Kurt (1966) Beiträge zur Kenntnis seltener Arsenatmineralien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Vorkommen des Schwarzwaldes. 3. Folge (Schluß). [Rare arsenate minerals with special consideration of occurrences in the Black Forest. Part III (end)]. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 11 (1). 121-164 doi:10.1007/bf01127708(Esp. pp. 122–129)
Szymański, J. T. (1988) The crystal structure of beudantite, Pb(Fe,Al)3[(As,S)O4]2(OH)6. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26 (4) 923-932
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Sejkora, J., Škovíra, J., Čejka, J., Plášil, J. (2009) Cu-rich members of the beudantite-segnitite series from the Krupka ore district, the Krušné hory Mountains, Czech Republic. Journal of GEOsciences, 54 (4) 355-371
Bayliss, P., Kolitsch, U., Nickel, E. H., Pring, A. (2010) Alunite supergroup: recommended nomenclature. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (5) 919-927 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.919
Frost, Ray L., Palmer, Sara J., Spratt, Henry J., Martens, Wayde N. (2011) The molecular structure of the mineral beudantite PbFe3(AsO4,SO4)2(OH)6 – Implications for arsenic accumulation and removal. Journal of Molecular Structure, 988 (1) 52-58 doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.12.002
Pekov, I. V., Khanin, D. A., Yapaskurt, V. O., Pakunova, A. V., Ekimenkova, I. A. (2016) Minerals of the beudantite–segnitite series from the oxidation zone of the Berezovskoe gold deposit, middle Urals: Chemical variations, behavior of admixtures, and antimonian varieties. Geology of Ore Deposits, 58 (7) 600-611 doi:10.1134/s1075701516070096[English version of Pekov et al., 2015]
Localities for Beudantite
Showing 594 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Dina (1993) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) +4 other references | |
| Holley (2012) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Chapman et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Day (1998) | |
| Byrnes (1993) |
| Byrnes (1993) | |
| |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Birch (2017) +1 other reference |
| |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Dana (xxxx) +3 other references |
| Annual Report of the Western Australian ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +2 other references |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Dunkan et al. (1990) +4 other references |
| Bottle Creek Gold deposits +2 other references |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr (2001) |
| Auer (2026) |
| Auer (2021) |
| Putz (2007) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Tomazic (1999) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Auer (2019) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Bojar (1993) | |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Lapis 2007 | |
Azerbaijan | |
| Imamverdiyev et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Dehove et al. (2006) |
| |
Brazil | |
| Analisys from professor Dr Ricardo ... |
Canada | |
| Ingelson et al. (1989) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Adex Mining |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Budulan et al. (2009) |
| - (2022) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Alexander (2021) |
| Traill (1970) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Boyle (1965) | |
| Traill (1970) |
| Traill (1970) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Jambor et al. (1962) | |
| Traill (1970) | |
| Boyle (1965) | |
| Gomi (2001) |
| McClenaghan et al. (2023) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Remy Phillippe personal communication |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
China | |
| Jurui He et al. (1992) |
| www.trinityminerals.com (2004) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Beudantite] Yi Li (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2004) |
| Jin Xing Collection |
| Jensen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Qida Zhang and Dakang Song (1990) +2 other references |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Nikischer et al. (2025) |
| Fuguang Zhao (2007) |
Cuba | |
| Romero (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kocourková-Víšková et al. (2015) |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Litochleb et al. (2009) |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Vrtiška et al. (2024) |
| |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (2021) |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
Eritrea | |
| Nevsun Resources |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD + SEM-EDS) |
| Pascal Chollet collection +1 other reference | |
| Analysed DRX by MNHN of Paris France ... |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference | |
| J. Geffroy | |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Vessely Yannick collection |
| Boisson et al. (2019) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| GOURAULT C. (2006) |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Alain Schaefer collection |
| R Stein collection |
| Gineste et al. (2026) |
| Lebocey et al. (2010) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Jean Chervet collection +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... +1 other reference |
| Gayraud et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| |
| Johannet (2012) | |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Guillemin (1952) +3 other references |
Germany | |
| Emser Hefte 15 (3) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1996) | |
| Walenta (1996) | |
| Holger Klapproth collection |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) | |
| Steen (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1994) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 1985 (11) |
| Walenta (1992) +2 other references |
| Schlomann et al. (1991) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526 |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Markl (1992) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1989) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2012) |
| PETITJEAN collection No. GH017 |
| Fettel (1988) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Antnony | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Petitjean et al. (2000) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Vom Rath (1871) |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| collection Manfred Groß |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| |
| |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Reinhardt (2011) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| von Sandberger (1857) +4 other references |
| Golze +3 other references |
| Schnorrer et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hartmut Hensel collection |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Markl (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Th.Lühr collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Junker et al. (1991) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| |
| Martin et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2023) |
| 42. +1 other reference | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| Branko Rieck and Uwe Kolitsch ... |
| Rieck (199x) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Ko Jansen | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) |
| Triantafyllidis (2019) |
| Drahota et al. (2024) | |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
Hungary | |
| Acta Min. Petro. (Szeged) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| HOM Database |
| HOM Collection |
Iran | |
| Boni et al. (2007) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +2 other references |
Italy | |
| Sylvano IOB Collection +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Ciriotti M.E. (2011) |
| C. Balestra | |
| Bracco R. (2007) +1 other reference |
| collected by F. Castellaro and probed ... | |
| Lastrico (2006) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Ravizzotti et al. (2026) |
| Bruno Marello collection +1 other reference |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Vincenzo Miletto Collection | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| A. Del Caldo +2 other references |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| - (2023) |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini I. (2013) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| SEM/EDX analysis by Dario Cericola +1 other reference |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK | |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references | |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Jansen et al. (1998) | |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
| Nannoni et al. (2008) | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) | |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| Hirama et al. (2011) |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| Kouno et al. (2007) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| - (2004) |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| |
| Smith et al. (1953) |
| www.abcrox.com (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Favreau (2026) | |
| [var: Copper-bearing Beudantite] Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Netherlands | |
| |
Norway | |
| Kamphaug (1986) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1993) |
| Husdal (2019) |
Peru | |
| Longo et al. (2005) |
| Boni et al. (2009) |
Poland | |
| Warchulski et al. (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| MINERAL UP MAGAZINE +1 other reference |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Gomes et al. (2016) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Leal Gomes | |
| Nuno Afonso collection (XRD-analysed) |
| Alves (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Rui Nunes and Pedro Alves collections +1 other reference |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) |
| Belogub et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Beudantite] Wilson (2016) +1 other reference |
| PonomareV (2022) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč et al. (2021) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (2008) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1998) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +2 other references |
| Reeks (2007) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Calvo (2015) | |
| Calvo (1999) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Gröbner et al. (1999) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Gonzalez Del Tanago +3 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
| Lopez (1987) |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda (1996) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
Switzerland | |
| Roth et al. (2025) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Zanelli et al. (2026) |
| EDXS analyses |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| EDXS analyses |
| |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
UK | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Weiss et al. (2007) | |
| P |
| S. Rust collection. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Michael Merry | |
| Kingsbury (1954) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Neall et al. (2009) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +5 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual ID) | |
| Kingsbury (1951) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references | |
| - (2003) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| BMS Collection. +8 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Day (1999) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1966 35 : ... |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Alaska Div. GGS: Geo. Report 42 (1970) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Robert PECORINI collection |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| In collection of Tom Trebisky. |
| Collected 1980. Analyzed Bart Cannon ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Ron Layton. +1 other reference |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... +1 other reference |
| Wise (1993) |
| Marty et al. (2010) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| American Mineralogist |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2025) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| |
| - (2005) |
| Cossaboom (1981) +1 other reference |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Min News 20:6 pp11-12 |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| Min News (1999) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2025) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1992 |
| Marco Ciriotti collection (analysed by SEM-EDS, 2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Foord et al. (1988) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference | |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Smith and Hoff (1984) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:111. | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Price et al. (1985) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| From the collection of Tom Wyman. ID by ... |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Coolbaugh et al. (2020) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| R&M 73:3 p196-201 | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Falls et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| B. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001) |
Zambia | |
| Korowski et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Torgal Mine, São Luís, Odemira, Beja, Portugal