Digenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Digenite
Formula:
Cu9S5
Colour:
Grey to greyish black, turning bluish on exposure to air
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.546
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1844 by August Breithaupt from Greek διγενηζ digenus = of two origins, because it is related to chalcocite and covellite
Note: Many of the reported associations of digenite and djurleite, identified by powder diffraction, could be anilite and djurleite, as anilite transforms to digenite during grinding.
A recent study showed the existence of a complete solid-solution series between high digenite [cubic, high-temperature digenite] and berzelianite (Pirard & Hatert, 2008).
A recent study showed the existence of a complete solid-solution series between high digenite [cubic, high-temperature digenite] and berzelianite (Pirard & Hatert, 2008).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1291
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1291:7
Similar Names
| Diogenite | A synonym of 'Diogenite meteorite' | |
| Dixenite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | CuMn142+Fe2+(SiO4)2(As5+O4)(As3+O3)5(OH)6 |
| Dudgeonite | A synonym of 'Calcium-bearing Annabergite' | |
| Dugganite | A valid IMA mineral species | Pb3Zn3(AsO4)2(TeO6) |
IMA Classification of Digenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu1.8S
Classification of Digenite
2.BA.10
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2.4.7.3
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
3.1.3
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Dg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Dg | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Dg | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Dg | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Dg | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Digenite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Grey to greyish black, turning bluish on exposure to air
Streak:
Greyish black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=86 - 106 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{111} on synthetic material
{111} on synthetic material
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
5.546 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.706 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Digenite
Anisotropism:
Mostly isotropic.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 29.6% |
| 420nm | 28.8% |
| 440nm | 28.0% |
| 460nm | 27.0% |
| 480nm | 25.9% |
| 500nm | 24.8% |
| 520nm | 23.5% |
| 540nm | 22.2% |
| 560nm | 21.0% |
| 580nm | 19.9% |
| 600nm | 18.9% |
| 620nm | 18.0% |
| 640nm | 17.2% |
| 660nm | 16.3% |
| 680nm | 15.5% |
| 700nm | 14.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 29.6%.
Colour in reflected light:
Bluish grey
Chemistry of Digenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu9S5
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe
Crystallography of Digenite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R32/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.919 Å, c = 48.00 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 12.248
Unit Cell V:
638.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Pseudocubic crystals (rare) to 3 cm, usually as intergrowths with other copper sulphides. At temperatures below 81°C, digenite is trigonal R3m; above that temperature, digenite is isometric.
Comment:
Above 73°C, cubic with space group Fm-3m, a = 5.57 Å, Z = 4.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006940 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006939 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006937 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019150 | Digenite | Yamamoto K, Kashida S (1991) X-ray study of the average structures of Cu2Se and Cu1.8S in the room temperature and the high temperature phases Journal of Solid State Chemistry 93 202-211 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 300 | |
| 0019151 | Digenite | Yamamoto K, Kashida S (1991) X-ray study of the average structures of Cu2Se and Cu1.8S in the room temperature and the high temperature phases Journal of Solid State Chemistry 93 202-211 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 393 | |
| 0000082 | Digenite | Donnay G, Donnay J D H, Kullerud G (1958) Crystal and twin structure of digenite, Cu9S5 American Mineralogist 43 228-242 | ![]() | 1958 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000121 | Digenite | Morimoto N, Kullerud G (1963) Polymorphism in digenite American Mineralogist 48 110-123 | ![]() | 1963 | 0 | 353 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.333 Å | (6) |
| 4.000 Å | (5) |
| 3.385 Å | (4) |
| 3.200 Å | (30) |
| 3.042 Å | (24) |
| 2.954 Å | (31) |
| 2.771 Å | (22) |
| 2.697 Å | (16) |
| 2.499 Å | (12) |
| 2.412 Å | (12) |
| 2.248 Å | (23) |
| 2.171 Å | (7) |
| 2.027 Å | (6) |
| 1.9594 Å | (100) |
| 1.7778 Å | (5) |
| 1.7597 Å | (2) |
| 1.6710 Å | (14) |
| 1.6472 Å | (2) |
| 1.6329 Å | (3) |
| 1.6217 Å | (3) |
| 1.5999 Å | (3) |
| 1.5815 Å | (2) |
| 1.5790 Å | (2) |
| 1.5419 Å | (2) |
| 1.5208 Å | (2) |
| 1.4770 Å | (4) |
| 1.4086 Å | (2) |
| 1.3856 Å | (5) |
| 1.3720 Å | (3) |
| 1.3166 Å | (6) |
| 1.2544 Å | (2) |
| 1.2393 Å | (2) |
| 1.1795 Å | (2) |
| 1.1313 Å | (9) |
Comments:
ICDD 26-476 (synthetic). See also ICDD 23-962 (isometric) 3.35 (4), 3.21 (35), 3.01 (14), 2.779 (45), 2.553 (4), 2.141 (10), 1.967 (100), 1.814 (2), 1.752 (6), 1.678 (20), 1.607 (4), 1.392 (10). See also ICDD 24-61 (isometric) 3.216 (40), 3.05 (10), 2.785 (68), 1.9693 (100), 1.6794 (14), 1.3925 (3), 1.1370 (2), 1.0719 (2), 0.9415 (2).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| 15 : Black/white smoker minerals and other seafloor hydrothermal minerals | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal copper deposits - both as primary and secondary mineral, mafic intrusives, exhalation product, pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Digenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Technische Universität, Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, number 1893 (holotype).
Synonyms of Digenite
Other Language Names for Digenite
Relationship of Digenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Chalcocite-Digenite Group:
| Chalcocite | Cu2S | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Djurleite | Cu31S16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Roxbyite | Cu58S32 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yarrowite | Cu9S8 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 129 photos of Digenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 112 photos of Digenite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 80 photos of Digenite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 76 photos of Digenite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 57 photos of Digenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 54 photos of Digenite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 48 photos of Digenite associated with Covellite | CuS |
| 40 photos of Digenite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 38 photos of Digenite associated with Cuprosklodowskite | Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 35 photos of Digenite associated with Rutherfordine | (UO2)CO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.BA. | Makotoite | Ag12(Cu3Au)S8 |
| 2.BA. | Alburnite | Ag8GeTe2S4 |
| 2.BA. | Dzierżanowskite | CaCu2S2 |
| 2.BA. | Xuwenyuanite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
| 2.BA. | 'Orileyite' | (Fe,Cu)2As |
| 2.BA. | Juxingite | Bi6Cu+138Cu2+2Fe3+30S125 |
| 2.BA.05 | Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| 2.BA.05 | Geerite | Cu8S5 |
| 2.BA.05 | Roxbyite | Cu58S32 |
| 2.BA.05 | Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 2.BA.10 | Anilite | Cu7S4 |
| 2.BA.15 | Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 2.BA.20 | Bellidoite | Cu2Se |
| 2.BA.20 | Berzelianite | Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12) |
| 2.BA.25 | Athabascaite | Cu5Se4 |
| 2.BA.25 | Umangite | Cu3Se2 |
| 2.BA.30 | Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| 2.BA.30 | Weissite | Cu2-xTe |
| 2.BA.35 | Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 2.BA.35 | Spryite | Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6 |
| 2.BA.40d | 'UM2003-13-S:AgAuCu' | Ag6AuCu2S5 |
| 2.BA.40 | Mckinstryite | Ag5-xCu3+xS4 |
| 2.BA.40 | Stromeyerite | AgCuS |
| 2.BA.42 | Honeaite | Au3TlTe2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Jalpaite | Ag3CuS2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Selenojalpaite | Ag3CuSe2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Kurilite | Ag8Te3Se |
| 2.BA.47 | Spiridonovite | (Cu1-xAgx)2Te |
| 2.BA.50 | Wuyanzhiite | Cu2S |
| 2.BA.50 | Eucairite | AgCuSe |
| 2.BA.52 | 'Argentite' | Ag2S |
| 2.BA.55 | Naumannite | Ag2Se |
| 2.BA.55 | Aguilarite | Ag4SeS |
| 2.BA.60 | Chenguodaite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
| 2.BA.60 | Hessite | Ag2Te |
| 2.BA.60 | Cervelleite | Ag4TeS |
| 2.BA.65 | Henryite | (Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 , with x ~ 0.40 |
| 2.BA.65 | Stützite | Ag5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36 |
| 2.BA.70 | Argyrodite | Ag8GeS6 |
| 2.BA.70 | Putzite | (Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6 |
| 2.BA.70 | Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
| 2.BA.75 | Fischesserite | Ag3AuSe2 |
| 2.BA.75 | Uytenbogaardtite | Ag3AuS2 |
| 2.BA.75 | Penzhinite | (Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4 |
| 2.BA.75 | Petrovskaite | AuAgS |
| 2.BA.75 | Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
| 2.BA.80 | Bezsmertnovite | (Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb) |
| 2.BA.80 | Bilibinskite | PbCu2Au3Te2 |
| 2.BA.80 | Bogdanovite | (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) |
Fluorescence of Digenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Copper ore
Internet Links for Digenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1291.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Digenite
Reference List:
Breithaupt, August (1844) Zwei neue Kupfer enthaltende Mineralien aus der Ordnung der Glanze. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 137. 671-675 doi:10.1002/andp.18441370409
Buerger, Newton W. (1942) X-ray evidence for the existence of the mineral digenite, Cu9S5. American Mineralogist, 27 (10) 712-716
Dormay, Gabrielle, Donnay, J. D. H., Kullerud, G. (1958) Crystal and twin structure of digenite, Cu9S5. American Mineralogist, 43 (3-4) 228-242
Oosterbosch, Robert; Picot, Paul; Pierrot, Roland (1964) La digénite sélénifère de Musonoï (Katanga). Bulletin de Minéralogie, 87 (4). 613-617 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1964.5781
Morimoto, Nobuo, Gyobu, Atsuo (1971) The composition and stability of digenite. American Mineralogist, 56 (11-12) 1889-1909
Gronvold, Fredrik, Westrum, Edgar F. (1980) The anilite/low-digenite transition. American Mineralogist, 65 (5-6) 574-575
Posfai, Mihaly, Buseck, Peter R. (1994) Djurleite, digenite, and chalcocite: Intergrowths and transformations. American Mineralogist, 79 (3-4) 308-315
Schmidt, JA, Sagua, A.E, Lescano, G (1998) Electrochemical investigation of the equilibria (covellite + anilite) and (covellite + digenite) The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 30 (3) 283-290 doi:10.1006/jcht.1997.0287
Grguric, B. A., Harrison, R. J., Putnis, A. (2000) A revised phase diagram for the bornite-digenite join from in situ neutron diffraction and DSC experiments. Mineralogical Magazine, 64 (2) 213-231 doi:10.1180/002646100549319
Will, Georg, Hinze, Ekkehard, Abdelrahman, Abdel Rahman M. (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (3) 591-598 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0591
Pirard, C., Hatert, F. (2008) The sufides and selenides of the Musonoi Mine, Kolwezi, Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46 (1) 219-231 doi:10.3749/canmin.46.1.219
Localities for Digenite
Showing 1,410 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Waizy et al. (2021) |
Angola | |
| Milesi et al. (2006) |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Snook +4 other references |
Argentina | |
| FRANCHINI (27º26'S-66º16'O) +2 other references |
| Proffett (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Marquez Zavalía | |
| PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020) | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020) | |
| Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2007) |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2016) |
| Leal et al. (2011) |
| de Brodtkorb et al. (2004) |
| Bouhier et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Dina (1993) |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. | |
| R. Lira (2005) |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Paar et al. (2016) | |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Ana Cecilia Mugas Lobos et al. (2012) |
| Crosta et al. (2015) |
| Herrmann et al. (2007) |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| Hayase et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Paar et al. (2005, January) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Di Giuseppe et al. (2016) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) +4 other references |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| Sosa Graciela +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Páez et al. (2016) |
Armenia | |
| Mederer et al. (2014) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Firstova et al. (2016) |
| Mozgova et al. (2007) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 23-28. +1 other reference | |
| Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997) | |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2023) | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
| Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) +1 other reference |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets | |
| Quan et al. (2025) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Byrnes (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Quan et al. (2025) |
| Quan et al. (2025) | |
| Quan et al. (2025) | |
| Quan et al. (2025) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Quan et al. (2025) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| L. McClatchie |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| McLean et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets | |
| JR Chapman - Geological Survey of NSW ... |
| Chapman et al. (2005) +3 other references |
| Suppel et al. (1972) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Skirrow (1993) |
| - (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Fleminig +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology 99 (2004) +1 other reference |
| D.A.Berkman (1968) | |
| McLaughlin et al. (2012) |
| Hein (1994) |
| Hein (1994) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Orr et al. (2004) |
| Jun Lei (2001) |
| Richardson et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| AIMM mong.1965 | |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Queensland Government Department of ... |
| Nethery et al. (1998) |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lehrmann (2012) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Lawrence (2000) |
| Record of Mines - Summary Card |
| Keeling et al. (2003) |
| RB94/00041 +1 other reference | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Pring et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Am Min 59:307-313 | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| |
| Francis (2010) |
| Habibi et al. (2026) |
| - (1990) |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +4 other references |
| Gov't Geol. Recon. Map (1954) |
| Cave et al. (2024) |
| minerals.sarig.sa.gov.au (n.d.) | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +1 other reference |
| Callaghan–Resource +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill & Taheri | |
| Bottrill et al. (2002) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
| R. Bottrill | |
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| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
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| Ferguson (1999) |
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| Meixner (1978) |
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| Auer (2025) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Melcher+Mali (1998) | |
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| Müller (1979) +1 other reference |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| KRAINER (1982) +1 other reference |
| Vavtar (1979) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Arık et al. (2022) | |
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Belgium | |
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| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| du Ry et al. (1976) +3 other references | |
| du Ry et al. (1976) +4 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Lannoy (1979) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau (1997) |
Bolivia | |
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| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Botswana | |
| Kelepile et al. (2020) |
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Brazil | |
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| Bello (1986) |
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| Craveiro et al. (2019) |
| Vale SA |
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| Tazava (1999) +2 other references | |
| Dressel et al. (2022) |
| Robinson et al. (1998) |
Bulgaria | |
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| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
Canada | |
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| Peatfield (n.d.) |
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| Taseko |
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| Taseko |
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| Peatfield (n.d.) |
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| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Government of British Columbia | |
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| Imperial Metals Corp |
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| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
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| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Wilton et al. (1988) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Copper Mountain Mining Corporation |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Adex Mining |
| Grammatikopoulos et al. (2007) |
| Sabina (2015) |
| - (2022) |
| Blackadar (1981) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Garven (1985) |
| Mesh Environmental (2008) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| MacMichael (1975) |
| Farley (1978) |
| Lougheed +4 other references |
| Richard Gunter specimen +1 other reference |
| Kidd Operations |
| K. Szentpeteri et al. (2003) |
| Ontario Dept.of Mines |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... | |
| Ames et al. (2017) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Sillitoe +4 other references |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited | |
| evidence for metamorphic remobilization of gold (in Microbeam techniques in the earth sciences) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Girard (1971) |
| Cabral et al. (2007) |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
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| Stylianos Augustithis (1995) | |
| Watson et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) |
Chile | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Bárbara Romero et al. (2011) | |
| Gibbons (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Oliveros et al. (2008) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Camus et al. (1991) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Oliveros et al. (2008) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) | |
| Maureira et al. (2023) |
| Maureira et al. (2023) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) | |
| Cook (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rivas-Romero +4 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Freeport-McMoRan | |
| Sapiains et al. (2021) | |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| Flint (1986) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) | |
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| Codelco |
| Parker L.R./Salas R./Pérez G. (1963) +2 other references |
| González et al. (2018) |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
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| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| Sample in the I. Domeyko Museum | |
| Lohmeier et al. (2025) |
| Lortie et al. (1987) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) | |
| Maksaev et al. (2010) |
| Teck Resources Limited |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references | |
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| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Anglo American plc |
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| Teck Resources Limited | |
China | |
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| LIU et al. (2021) |
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| Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
| Chen et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
| Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) +2 other references | |
| Long et al. (2025) | |
| Zijin Mining Group Company Limited | |
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| Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2002) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Yunhua Liu et al. (2011) |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
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| Gao et al. (2024) |
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| Lin Zhang (2001) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) | |
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| Song et al. (2025) |
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| Chunsheng Lin and Hualong Xia (2003) | |
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| Li et al. (2022) |
| Fu et al. (2026) |
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| Zhiyong Liu et al. (2006) |
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| Jian Zhang (1987) |
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| Gu et al. (2003) |
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| Liu et al. (2024) |
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| Liu et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) | |
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| Mingxing Peng et al. (2006) |
| Zhao et al. (2018) | |
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| Bing Tong (1976) |
| Yunnan Metallurgical Geology Team No. 310 (1977) |
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| Zihua Wang et al. (2010) | |
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| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
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| Cox et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cox et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
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| Zheng et al. (2024) |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
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| Bin Zhang et al. (2012) |
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| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) | |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) | |
| Fu et al. (2027) |
Colombia | |
| Duarte et al. (2012) |
Cyprus | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1986) |
| Constantinou (1975) |
Czech Republic | |
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| Sejkora (2016) |
| Kolektiv autorů (1984) |
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| Petr Pauliš | |
Djibouti | |
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Dominican Republic | |
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DR Congo | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
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| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
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| Haest et al. (2009) |
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| El Desouky et al. (2008) | |
| El Desouky et al. (2008) | |
| DEJONGTE (1994) |
| Oosterbosch et al. (1964) +3 other references |
| www.tenke.com (2003) | |
Ecuador | |
| Vega Oyola et al. (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology Vol 96 +1 other reference |
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| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Villegas et al. (2001) |
| Economic Geology Vol 96 |
| Chiaradia et al. (2000) +3 other references | |
Egypt | |
| Zoheir et al. (2014) |
| Hilmy et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Shalaby et al. (2004) |
| Zoheir (2004) +1 other reference |
Eritrea | |
| Nevsun Resources |
Europe | |
| Ferenc Š. & Rojkovič I. (2001) |
| ATANASSOVA +3 other references | |
Fiji | |
| Naden +1 other reference |
| Orovan (2016) |
Finland | |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1663-1686. |
| Nebocat et al. (2011) |
| Taipale (2015) +1 other reference |
| Hector et al. (2023) |
| N. MARCOS et al. (1999) |
| Sundblad K.L. et al. (2014) |
| Joel Dyer Polarized-light microscopy |
France | |
| Picot et al. (1977) |
| Périchaud (1968) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
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| Pélisson (1989) | |
| Périchaud (1968) +1 other reference |
| Agrinier et al. (1967) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
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| Chauris (2014) |
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| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Fluck et al. (1992, December) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Deliens et al. (2004) |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege ( Edition BRGM 1984) +1 other reference |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Simon et al. (1997) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... | |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... +1 other reference | |
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| Galvier et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2007) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pierrot et al. (1976) |
| Galvier et al. (1995) |
| Moëlo et al. (1987) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Sinojmeri et al. (1987) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Augé et al. (2015) |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) +1 other reference |
Gabon | |
| Janusz Janeczek (1999) |
Germany | |
| Schlomann et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Steen (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Markl (2017) |
| Fricke (1988) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Mineralienatlas |
| Staude et al. (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) |
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| Walenta (1987) | |
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| Walenta (1992) | |
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| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
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| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Kopp et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Belendorff (2021) |
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| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Golze +3 other references | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1997) |
| Blaß et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Scheiderhöhn & Kautzsch 1936 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis 33 (12) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) | |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) |
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| Mertz et al. (1990) | |
| G. Müller |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Siemroth et al. (1999) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Breithaupt (1844) |
| Clark (1993) | |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
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Ghana | |
| Mücke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
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| Ortelli et al. (2009) |
| Kilias et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Papavasiliou et al. (2017) | |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Petersen et al. (2005) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine et al. (4) |
| Holwell et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Arnason et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Bishop et al. (1980) | |
Haiti | |
| Harnish et al. (1986) |
| Econ Geol (1986) | |
Hungary | |
| Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
India | |
| www.dae.gov.in/ni/nijul03/cudapah.pdf. | |
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| Current Science |
Indian Ocean | |
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| Cai et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
| Halbach et al. (1998) |
| Wang et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2026) | |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Van Leeuwen et al. (1987) | |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference |
| Davies (2008) |
| Adi (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Rubin et al. (1997) |
| Prendergast (2003) | |
| Freeport-McMoRan | |
| New (2006) | |
| Božidar Zalokar (1990) |
| Warmada et al. (2003) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| Putra et al. (2024) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Soughi et al. (2023) |
| Sadati et al. (2016) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) | |
| Moradiani et al. (2024) |
| Barati et al. (2024) | |
| Kouhestani et al. (2008) |
| www.min-eng.com (2004) |
| Mousivand et al. (2018) |
| Tarkian et al. (1983) |
| Baccolo et al. (2019) | |
| Rastad et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Derakhshani et al. (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| USGS database |
| Goudarzi et al. (2024) |
| Nezafati et al. (2005) |
| Fazli et al. (2024) |
| Goudarzi et al. (2024) | |
| Goudarzi et al. (2026) | |
| Shahbazi et al. (2019) |
| Esform et al. (2025) |
| an example of Manto type copper ... +1 other reference |
| Hassan-Nezhad et al. (2006) |
| AN EXAMPLE OF MANTO TYPE COPPER ... +1 other reference |
| Yasami et al. (2025) |
| Jiba et al. (2021) |
| Mousavi Motlagh et al. (2024) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
| WEN et al. (1991) |
| Ixer |
| Steed et al. (1986) |
Israel | |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1996) |
| Galuskina et al. (2025) |
| Shugar et al. (eds.) | |
Italy | |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Castello et al. (1980) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
| Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| De Capitani et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Raccagni (2018) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
| Triscari (1985) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Dill (1979) |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) | |
| Benvenuti et al. (2000) |
| Nannucci M. S. (1989) |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +3 other references |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) | |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) |
| Terenzi A. (1988) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Sugaki et al. (1981) |
| Kitazono et al. (2003) |
| Matsueda (2000) | |
| www.mineralmundi.com/japan.htm (USGS) +1 other reference | |
| TAKEUCHI et al. (1956) |
| MATSUBARA et al. (1996) |
| Murao et al. (2008) |
| Matsubara Satoshi et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Imai et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Geological Survey of Japan (1960) | |
| Matsueda (1981) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| KAZ Minerals |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Seltmann et al. (2005) |
| Pavlova +8 other references |
Laos | |
| Tate (2005) |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
Madagascar | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
Malaysia | |
| Ariffin (2012) |
| Teh (1981) +1 other reference |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Gray |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Valencia et al. (2008) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
Mongolia | |
| Porter (Mike) |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
| Benchekroun et al. (2004) |
| CLAVEL et al. (1971) |
| Jabbour et al. (2025) |
| Asladay et al. (2012) | |
| www.onhym.com (n.d.) |
| Ferraq et al. (2024) |
| Fabre (n.d.) | |
| El Basbas et al. (2011) | |
| Bouskri et al. (2025) |
Myanmar | |
| Thu et al. (2020) |
| Mitchell et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Mitchell et al. (2008) | |
| Barber et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
| Nghoongoloka et al. (2024) |
| Gauert (2005) | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Kitt (2017) | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| Ettler et al. (2009) | |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Markham (1959) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
New Zealand | |
| Coombs et al. (1993) |
| Rabone et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Rabone | |
Niger | |
| Personally collected by Wolfgang Hampel ... +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Serafimovski et al. (2003) +2 other references |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| - (2006) |
| - (2006) | |
| Nilsen (2002) |
| Prospektering AS (1981) |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Schulze (1969) |
| Cook et al. (2008) |
| Cook et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2006) |
| Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Dons (1963) |
| Dons (1963) | |
| Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ... |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Cook et al. (2010) |
| Cook et al. (2010) | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Dons (1963) |
| - (2007) |
| Vokes (1957) | |
| Viola et al. (2008) |
| Mun (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Vokes (1957) |
| - (2005) |
| Crowder (1959) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Witsø (1994) | |
| Witsø (1995) | |
| Witsø (1995) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Størseth (2016) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Pinet et al. (1985) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Peng Xiaotong (2005) |
| Herrera (2024) |
| Haymon (1983) | |
Pakistan | |
| AKHTER et al. (2014) |
Panama | |
| Gray +1 other reference |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yeats et al. (2014) |
| Noku et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
| Bainbridge et al. (1998) +2 other references |
Peru | |
| Imai et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bin Wu et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2022) |
| Gibson (1992) |
| Silva et al. (2026) |
| Ye et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Davies et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Chen et al. (2011) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hulse (2015) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bendezu et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Steinmüller et al. (2000) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| CLAVERIA (2001) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Braxton et al. (2011) |
| Ignacio (2006) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Czerny J. 1992: Hydrothermal ... |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| KGHM Polska Miedź |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka et al. (2011) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Białowolska A. (1977) |
| Białowolska A. (1977) | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... +1 other reference |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2000) | |
| |
| Kucha (2021) |
| KGHM Polska Miedź | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2000) | |
| KGHM Polska Miedź | |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) | |
| Chmielewski et al. (2022) |
| Oszczepalski et al. (2017) | |
| Barati et al. (2024) |
| Galuskin et al. (2003) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| |
| Oszczepalski et al. (2017) | |
| Krzeminski (2015, August) |
| Lenik et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Reiser et al. (2011) |
| Orlando da Cruz Gaspar - O Jazigo de ... |
| Prof. Marques de Sá | |
| |
| Gustavo Pereira Fernandes |
| Oliveira et al. (1997) |
| Gaspar et al. (1987) |
Romania | |
| Pintea et al. (2019) |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) +1 other reference |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Tămaș +2 other references | |
| Tămaș +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Cook et al. (2001) |
| Constantinescu et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Russia | |
| Konev et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
| Michurin et al. (2024) |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Barkov et al. (2018) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
| O.Yu. Plotinskaya data +2 other references | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
| Mineralogy of the Baimka Cu-Au trend et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2021) |
| Kaneva et al. (2020) |
| Mekhonoshin et al. (2013) |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Savva et al. (2023) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| |
| Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Vikent’ev et al. (2006) |
| Simonov et al. (2006) |
| Ratkin et al. (2018) |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2007) |
| Valkama et al. (2013) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| Valkama et al. (2013) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| Sharygin et al. (2022) |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) | |
| Gas’kov (2008) +1 other reference |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
| Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
Rwanda | |
| De Clercq (2012) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Hakim et al. (1992) |
Serbia | |
| RTB Bor |
| Bosić et al. (2025) | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
| RTB Bor |
| Aleksandar Pacevski (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| Onačila D. et al. (in Slovak) |
| Lexa et al. (1999) | |
| Onačila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
| Vlasáč et al. (2024) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Kozub G. et al. (2011) |
| Kozub G. et al. (2011) | |
| Ďuda et al. (1996) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra |
| Ferenc et al. (2020) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Rojkovič I. (1998) |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Kinloch et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1981) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Park et al. (1986) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| ARANA CASTILLO (1972) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006) |
| Lillo Ramos (1992) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Menor-Salván +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Cepedal et al. (2004) |
| Gutiérrez et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Jordi Ibáñez (2019) |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Murciego et al. (2000) |
| Pascua et al. (1997) | |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Vindel (1980) |
| Vindel |
| Menor et al. (2010) |
| Tornos et al. (2024) |
| Losantos et al. (2025) |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
| Juan M Casanova +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Pieslinger (2023) |
| Wahlstrom (1985) |
| Billström et al. (2022) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| found UG during geol mapping 1980 | |
| Denisová (2013) |
| Gatedal (1997) |
| Dobbe (1991) |
| Dobbe (1991) | |
| www.geology.neab.net (n.d.) |
| Oen et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
| Gatedal et al. (2003) | |
| Jonsson et al. (2013) | |
| Nysten (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| - (1993) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Roth (2007) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Thailand | |
| Proceedings of the International Conference on Geology Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (22 - 25 November 1995) +1 other reference |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Turkey | |
| Gülyüz et al. (2024) |
| Yilmaz et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Akbulut et al. (2010) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Page et al. (1984) |
| Kines (1969) +1 other reference |
| Beih. z. Eur. J. Mineral 18 (2006) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Uysal (2008) |
| GÜNER (1980) |
| Musa Güner (1980) | |
| GÜNER (1980) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bozkir et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Revan et al. (2017) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| - (2006) |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Stanley et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| BMS Collection |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
| Ixer et al. (1993) |
| Dunham et al. (1985) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ixer et al. (2005) |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:23] |
| Power et al. (2000) |
| Chapman +3 other references |
| N.W. & J.P. Tuck () |
| Ixer et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Emetz et al. (2005) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Kim et al. (2023) |
| Mahaffey (2021) |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
| - (2008) |
| USGS PP 1760A | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 99-342 | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Graeme (1993) | |
| Cooper (1964) +2 other references |
| Roseboom et al. (1966) +2 other references | |
| Van Gosen et al. (2025) |
| Gornitz (2004) +1 other reference |
| Van Gosen et al. (2025) |
| Wenrich |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Schumer et al. (2019) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Gosen et al. (2025) | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Short et al. (1943) +7 other references |
| Manske et al. (2002) +2 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Harcourt (1942) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Murdoch (1966) +3 other references |
| Ronald Wynn Sheets et al. (1995) |
| www.gemandmineral.com/stewartmine.html. |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| - (2005) |
| Huebner +3 other references |
| Dunning et al. (1987) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Open-File Report 79-1615 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| Garrels et al. (1959) |
| Rocks & Min.:59:34 & 64:144. |
| Rocks & Min.:62:9 +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Musgrave et al. (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Leonard et al. (1987) | |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bornhorst et al. (1994) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Koerber et al. (2018) |
| Morris (1983) +1 other reference |
| ood et al. (2010) |
| - (2005) |
| Lee et al. (1995) | |
| Good et al. (2010) |
| Raič et al. (2015) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:22&26. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Szarkowski (2019) |
| The Spar Lake Strata-Bound Cu-Ag Deposit Formed Across a Mixing Zone Between Trapped Natural Gas and Metals-Bearing Brine Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Jenkins et al. (2002) |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Jenkins et al. (2002) | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| J Lorengo collection | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Harlan (1984) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Hastings (2008) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Fithian (2015) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Moore-Roth (2012) |
| Mankins (2022) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Jensen (1993) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Johnson (1977) +3 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| II et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| Thomas W. Bidgood et al. (2022) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Maynard (2014) |
| Maynard (2014) | |
| Maynard (2014) | |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Smithsonian institution Mineral ... | |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
| GSA Conference North-Central Section - 37th Annual Meeting (March 24–25, 2003) |
| GSA Conference North-Central Section - 37th Annual Meeting (March 24–25, 2003) |
| Foit et al. (2001) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) +1 other reference |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Robert C. Smit |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Mineral collecting in Pennsylvania +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Price (1983) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| May 2002 +3 other references |
| Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235 (2005) +2 other references |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 |
| Roland Schmidt Collection No. 2321 | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Jackson (1986) |
| Lambe et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Loucks (1976) |
| Loucks (1976) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kovalenker et al. (1997) |
Zambia | |
| Konkola Copper Mines plc |
| Meneghel (1981) |
| Exploration and Mining Geology +6 other references |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) +2 other references |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Pirajno et al. (2013) |
| Frei (2005) |
| Eales (1964) |
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The
Leonard Mine, Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA