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Heyrovskýite

A valid IMA mineral species
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02546560017271928662565.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Hůrky, Čistá ring, Čistá, Rakovník District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic
00263450017271928691442.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Băiţa mining district, Nucet, Bihor County, Romania
06103900017271928719780.jpg
Heyrovskýite

La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Eolie Islands, Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, Italy
05004690017864941702616.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Hůrky, Čistá ring, Čistá, Rakovník District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic
00263450017271928691442.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Băiţa mining district, Nucet, Bihor County, Romania
06103900017271928719780.jpg
Heyrovskýite

La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Eolie Islands, Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, Italy
02546560017271928662565.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Hůrky, Čistá ring, Čistá, Rakovník District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic
00263450017271928691442.jpg
Heyrovskýite

Băiţa mining district, Nucet, Bihor County, Romania
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About HeyrovskýiteHide

04274100017271928744788.jpg
Jaroslav Heyrovský
Formula:
Pb6Bi2S9
May contain minor Ag (substitution scheme 2Pb <-> Ag + Bi).
Colour:
Tin white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
7.17
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1971 J, Klominsky, M. Rieder, C. Kieft, and L. Mraz in honor of Jaroslav Heyrovský [1890-1967], professor of chemistry at Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Closely related to aschamalmite, but always contains minor Ag (Mumme et al., 1983).
May exsolve/decompose to a mixture of galena and cosalite (Klomínský et al., 1971).

Bi may be substituted by Sb (Ertl et al., 1994).
A heyrovskýite with a doubled c-axis (2x 4.08 A) is decribed by Ertl et al. (1994).


Name EncodingHide

ASCII-7:
Heyrovskyite

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
6993
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:6993:5

IMA Classification of HeyrovskýiteHide

Classification of HeyrovskýiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
2.JB.40b

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
B : Galena derivatives, with Pb
Dana 8th ed.:
3.3.3.1

3 : SULFOSALTS
3 : 3 <ø < 4

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
HyvIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of HeyrovskýiteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin white
Streak:
Greyish black
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN50=166 - 234 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Density:
7.17 g/cm3 (Measured)    7.18 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of HeyrovskýiteHide

Anisotropism:
Strong, dark gray to white in air, grayish-white to brownish in oil.
Bireflectance:
Weak in air with color white to light gray, distinct bireflectance in oil, white, to grayish white.
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
470nm43.3%47.3%
546nm40.6%44.6%
589nm39.8%43.9%
650nm39.6%43.7%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 47.3%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red

Chemistry of HeyrovskýiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Pb6Bi2S9

May contain minor Ag (substitution scheme 2Pb <-> Ag + Bi).
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Pb63.762 %
Bi21.437 %
S14.801 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Pb
Bi
S
Elements listed:
Bi, Pb, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of HeyrovskýiteHide

Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Cccm
Setting:
Cccm
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.1457(3) Å, b = 13.7421(5) Å, c = 31.5005(12) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.302 : 1 : 2.292
Unit Cell V:
1794.6 ų
Z:
4
Comment:
Cell parameters from Pervukhina et al. (2012).

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.435 Å(100)
2.962 Å(80)
2.098 Å(35)
1.790 Å(22)
3.343 Å(20)
3.006 Å(15)
2.067 Å(15)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.50
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of HeyrovskýiteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Hůrky, Čistá ring, Čistá, Rakovník District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic
General Appearance of Type Material:
Acicular crystals less than 20 mm long and 0.1 to 0.5 mm thick, and in masses to 2 mm.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 14265.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal; high-temperature quartz veins.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
ChalcopyriteCovelliteGalenaMolybdenitePyrite
Sphalerite
Reference:
Klomínský, J.; Rieder, M.; Kieft, C.; Mráz, L. (1971) Heyrovskýite, 6(Pb0.86Bi0.08(Ag,Cu)0.04)S. Bi2S3 from Hůrky, Czechoslovakia, a new mineral of genetic interest. Mineralium Deposita, 6 (2). p.133-147. doi:10.1007/bf00206625

Synonyms of HeyrovskýiteHide

Other Language Names for HeyrovskýiteHide

Varieties of HeyrovskýiteHide

ArgentogoongarriteUnnecessary name for an argentian variety of heyrovskýite.

Relationship of Heyrovskýite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Lillianite Homologous Series Group
Other Members of Lillianite Homologous Series:
AndreadiniiteCuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48Mon. 2/m : P21/b
ArsenquatrandoriteAg17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96Mon. 2/m : P21/b
AschamalmitePb6-3xBi2+xS9Mon. 2/m : B2/m
BaiamareiteAg4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48Mon. 2/m
BrusnitsyniteMn3CuPbAs3Sb2S12Mon. 2/m : P21/b
Clino-oscarkempffiteAg15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72Mon. 2/m : P21/b
ErzwiesiteAg8Pb12Bi16S40Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
EskimoiteAg7Pb10Bi15S36Mon.
FizélyiteAg5Pb14Sb21S48 Mon. 2/m
GustaviteAgPbBi3S6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
HolubiteAg3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24Mon. 2/m
JasrouxiteAg16Pb4(Sb25As15)S72Tric. 1 : P1
LasmanisiteAg12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96Orth. 222 : P212121
LazerckeriteAg3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24Mon. 2/m : P21/b
LillianitePb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
MenchettiiteAgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12Mon. 2/m : P21/b
OscarkempffiteAg10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48Orth. mm2
OurayiteAg3Pb4Bi5S13Orth.
OyoniteAg3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24Mon. 2/m
QuatrandoriteAgPbSb3S6Mon. 2/m : P21/b
RamdohritePb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24Mon. 2/m
RoshchiniteAg19Pb10Sb51S96Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
'Schirmerite'PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9Orth.
SenandoriteAgPbSb3S6Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
StaročeskéiteAg0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
TarutinoiteAg3Pb7Bi7S19Mon. 2/m : B2/m
TerrywallaceiteAgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6Mon. 2/m : P21/b
TreasuriteAg7Pb6Bi15S32Mon.
UchucchacuaiteAgMnPb3Sb5S12Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmm
UstarasitePb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?)
VikingiteAg5Pb8Bi13S30Mon. 2/m : B2/m
XilingolitePb3Bi2S6Mon.

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
5 photos of Heyrovskýite associated with QuartzSiO2
3 photos of Heyrovskýite associated with PyriteFeS2
1 photo of Heyrovskýite associated with GalenaPbS
1 photo of Heyrovskýite associated with LillianitePb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6
1 photo of Heyrovskýite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.JB.Clino-oscarkempffiteAg15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.ArsenquatrandoriteAg17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.GinelfiteAg2(Ag0.5Fe)TlPb23.5(Sb,As)33.5S76Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.AndreadiniiteCuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.ChukotkaiteAgPb7Sb5S15Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.SelenojunoiteCu2Pb3Bi8Se16Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.LechneriteAg10Cu4HgPb33Sb58S128Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.Cuprosenandorite Ag16Cu8Pb24Sb72S144Orth. mm2 : Pna21
2.JB.MorleyiteAg2CuPb25Sb24As4S68.5Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.LazerckeriteAg3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.LasmanisiteAg12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96Orth. 222 : P212121
2.JB.MontpelvouxiteAgPb16Sb27As18S84Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.SenandoriteAgPbSb3S6Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
2.JB.OscarkempffiteAg10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48Orth. mm2
2.JB.05DiaphoriteAg3Pb2Sb3S8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.10CosalitePb2Bi2S5Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JB.15MarriteAgPbAsS3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.15FreieslebeniteAgPbSbS3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.20CannizzaritePb48Bi56S132Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.JB.20WittitePb9Bi12(S,Se)27Mon.
2.JB.25jRouxeliteCu2HgPb23Sb27S65.5Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.25iNeyiteAg2Cu6Pb25Bi26S68Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.25aJunoiteCu2Pb3Bi8(S,Se)16Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.25fÁngelaiteCu2AgPbBiS4Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.JB.25eGalenobismutitePbBi2S4Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JB.25cNordströmiteCuPb3Bi7(Se4S10)Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.JB.25iCuproneyiteCu7Pb27Bi25S68Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.25gNuffielditeCu1.4Pb2.4Bi2.4Sb0.2S7Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JB.25hWeibullitePb5Bi8Se7S11Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.JB.25dProuditeCuPb7.5Bi9.33(S,Se)22Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.25bFelbertaliteCu2Pb6Bi8S19Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.30aJordanitePb14As6S23Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.JB.30aGeocronitePb14Sb6S23Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.JB.30aArsenmarcobaldiitePb12(As3.2Sb2.8)Σ6S21Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.30bKirkiitePb10Bi3As3S19Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.JB.30cTsugaruitePb28As15S50ClOrth. mm2 : Pnn2
2.JB.30aMarcobaldiitePb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.35dPellouxite(Cu,Ag)Pb10Sb12S27O(Cl,S)0.6Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.35eChovanitePb15-2xSb14+2xS36Ox (x ~ 0.2)Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.35aZinkenitePb9Sb22S42Hex. 6 : P63
2.JB.35cPillaitePb9Sb10S23ClO0.5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.35bScainiitePb14Sb30S54O5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.35fTubuliteAg2Pb22Sb20S53 Mon. m : Pb
2.JB.40aFizélyiteAg5Pb14Sb21S48 Mon. 2/m
2.JB.40aRamdohritePb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24Mon. 2/m
2.JB.40eUstarasitePb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?)
2.JB.40a'Bursaite'Pb5Bi4S11 (?)Orth.
2.JB.40'UM1988-05-S:AgBiCuHgPb'(Hg,Ag,Cu,Pb)5Pb5Bi11S27
2.JB.40'UM1988-06-S:AgBiCuHgPb'(Pb,Hg)12(Cu,Ag)3(Bi,Sb)10(S,Te)27
2.JB.40aTerrywallaceiteAgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.40aJasrouxiteAg16Pb4(Sb25As15)S72Tric. 1 : P1
2.JB.40aTarutinoiteAg3Pb7Bi7S19Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.40aOyoniteAg3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24Mon. 2/m
2.JB.40aQuatrandoriteAgPbSb3S6Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.40aErzwiesiteAg8Pb12Bi16S40Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
2.JB.40aVikingiteAg5Pb8Bi13S30Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.40aLillianitePb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JB.40bBaiamareiteAg4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48Mon. 2/m
2.JB.40aStaročeskéiteAg0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
2.JB.40aRoshchiniteAg19Pb10Sb51S96Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.JB.40bAschamalmitePb6-3xBi2+xS9Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.40bEskimoiteAg7Pb10Bi15S36Mon.
2.JB.40aMenchettiiteAgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.40aHolubiteAg3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24Mon. 2/m
2.JB.40aBrusnitsyniteMn3CuPbAs3Sb2S12Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.JB.40aTreasuriteAg7Pb6Bi15S32Mon.
2.JB.40cOurayiteAg3Pb4Bi5S13Orth.
2.JB.40aUchucchacuaiteAgMnPb3Sb5S12Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmm
2.JB.40d'Schirmerite'PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9Orth.
2.JB.40aXilingolitePb3Bi2S6Mon.
2.JB.40aGustaviteAgPbBi3S6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JB.55GratonitePb9As4S15Trig. 3m : R3m
2.JB.60MarrucciiteHg3Pb16Sb18S46Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JB.65VurroitePb20Sn2(Bi,As)22S54Cl6Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.JB.65TazieffitePb20Cd2(As,Bi)22S50Cl10Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.JB.70DaliranitePbHgAs2S5Mon.

Other InformationHide

Notes:
HNO3 (1:1) stains variegated, brown after 1 minute.
HCl (1:1) stains weakly brown, easily rubs clean.
FeCl3 (20%), HgCl2 (5%), KCN (20%), KOH (40%) do not react.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for HeyrovskýiteHide

References for HeyrovskýiteHide

Reference List:
Craig, James R. (1967) Phase relations and mineral assemblages in the Ag-Bi-Pb-S system. Mineralium Deposita, 1 (4). 278-306 doi:10.1007/bf00205202
Klomínský, J.; Rieder, M.; Kieft, C.; Mráz, L. (1971) Heyrovskýite, 6(Pb0.86Bi0.08(Ag,Cu)0.04)S. Bi2S3 from Hůrky, Czechoslovakia, a new mineral of genetic interest. Mineralium Deposita, 6 (2). p.133-147. doi:10.1007/bf00206625
Fleischer, Michael (1972) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 57 (1-2) 325-329
Takéuchi, Yoshio; Takagi, Junkou (1974) The structure of heyrovskyite (6PbS·Bi2S3). Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 50 (1). p.76-79. doi:10.2183/pjab1945.50.76
Karup-Møller, S., Makovicky, E. (1981) Ag- and Bi-rich heyrovskyite from the Bi–W–Mo mineralization at Castlegar, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 19: 349-353.
Mumme, W.G., Niedermayr, G., Kelly, P.R., Paar, W.H. (1983): Aschamalmite, Pb5.92Bi2.06S9, from Untersulzbach Valley in Salzburg, Austria - “monoclinic heyrovskyite”. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1983: 433-444.
Moëlo, Yves; Marcoux, Eric; Makovicky, Emil; Karup-Møller, Sven; Legendre, Olivier (1987) Homologues de la lillianite (gustavite, vikingite, heyrovskyite riche en Ag et Bi.) de l'indice à W-As-(Pb,Bi,Ag) de La Roche-Balue (Loire Atlantique, France). Bulletin de Minéralogie, 110 (1). p.43-64. doi:10.3406/bulmi.1987.8025
Chang, Luke L. Y., Daqing Wu, , Knowles, Charles R. (1988) Phase relations in the system Ag2S-Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3. Economic Geology, 83 (2) 405-418 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.2.405
Makovicky, E.; Mumme, W. G.; Hoskins, B. F. (1991) The crystal structure of Ag-Bi-bearing heyrovskyite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 29 (3). p.553-559.
Ertl, A., Libowitzky, E. & Pertlik, F. (1994): Chemische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Eskimoit (~Ag7Pb10Bi15S36) und Heyrovskyit (~AgPb10Bi5S18) vom „Rauriser Goldberg“, Hüttwinkeltal, Land Salzburg. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges., 139, 135-142.
(2005) Heyrovskýite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
Mitolo, D., Capitani, G. C., Garavelli, A., Pinto, D. (2011) Transmission electron microscopy investigation of Ag-free lillianite and heyrovskýite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. American Mineralogist, 96 (2) 288-300 doi:10.2138/am.2011.3530
Pinto, D., Balic-Zunic, T., Garavelli, A., Vurro, F. (2011) Structure refinement of Ag-free heyrovskyite from Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) American Mineralogist, 96 (7) 1120-1128 doi:10.2138/am.2011.3635
Pervukhina, N. V., Borisov, S. V., Magarill, S. A., Kuratieva, N. V., Mozgova, N. N. and Chaplygin, I. V. (2012) Re-determination of the crystal structure of heyrovskyite mineral Pb6Bi2S9 (Kudryavyi Volcano, Iturup Island, Kurils, Russia. Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii: 53 (3):593–597 [in Russian]
Borisov, S. V., Magarill, S. A., Pervukhina, N. V. (2012) Crystallographic analysis of microtwin structures of sulfides: The case study of lillianite and heyrovskyite. Journal of Structural Chemistry, 53 (4) 734-739 doi:10.1134/s0022476612040166
Borisov, S. V., Magarill, S. A., Pervukhina, N. V. (2015) Crystallographic analysis of modular structures of cupromakopavonite Cu8Ag3Pb4Bi19S38 and heyrovskyite Pb6Bi2S9 minerals. Crystallography Reports, 60 (6) 791-796 doi:10.1134/s1063774515060048

Localities for HeyrovskýiteHide

Showing 87 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • Northern Territory
    • Barkly Region
      • Tennant Creek
Simon et al. (1997)
  • Tasmania
    • Burnie City
      • Hampshire mining district
R Bottrill
Bottrill et al. (2025)
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Spittal an der Drau District
      • Großkirchheim
        • Zirknitz
          • Große Zirknitz valley
Pichler (2009)
  • Salzburg
    • St. Johann im Pongau District
      • Bad Gastein
        • Siglitz - Bockhart gold mining district
PUTZ (2010)
      • Bad Hofgastein
Makovicky et al. (2010)
Topa et al. (2026)
    • Zell am See District
      • Bramberg am Wildkogel
Paar (1979)
Strasser (1989)
      • Mittersill
Chris Auer collection
Kolitsch (2010)
      • Rauris
        • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
          • Kolm-Saigurn
Ertl et al. (1994)
        • Grieswies - Krumlkeeskopf area
Niedermayr (2007)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Kamloops Mining Division
Makovicky et al. (1991)
Montgomery (n.d.)
    • Nelson Mining Division
Moëlo et al. (1987)
  • Nunavut
    • Kitikmeot Region
Grant (2009)
Chile
 
  • Arica y Parinacota
    • Parinacota Province
      • Ticnamar area
Zentilli (2018)
China
 
  • Anhui
    • Tongling
      • Shizishan ore field
Huan Hu et al. (2001)
  • Hebei
    • Zhangjiakou
      • Zhangbei County
Dianhao Huang et al. (1991)
  • Hunan
    • Chenzhou
      • Guiyang Co.
Yingchen Ren (1999)
    • Yongzhou
      • Jiangyong Co.
        • Tongshanling ore field
Yingchen Ren (1999)
  • Jiangxi
    • Ganzhou
      • Anyuan Co.
Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) +4 other references
      • Yudu Co.
Yingchen Ren (1999)
  • Jilin
    • Yanbian Chaoxianzu
      • Hunchun City
        • Xiaoxinancha
Dianfen Chen and Wenmao Zhou (1995)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
Pažout (2017)
    • Rakovník District
      • Čistá
        • Čistá ring
Klomínský et al. (1971)
France
 
  • Pays de la Loire
    • Loire-Atlantique
      • Nantes
        • Bouguenais
          • La Roche-Ballue
Moëlo et al. (1987)
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Ortenaukreis
        • Oberwolfach
Anthony et al. (1990) +2 other references
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Mansfeld-Südharz
      • Südharz
Gröbner et al. (2011)
Schramm et al. (2023)
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza)
Voudouris et al. (2003)
Hungary
 
  • Pest County
    • Szob District
Zajzon et al (2014)
Italy
 
  • Piedmont
    • Cuneo Province
      • Bagnolo Piemonte
Bruno Marello et al. (2023)
    • Metropolitan City of Turin
Piccoli et al. (2007)
    • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
      • Santa Maria Maggiore
        • Basso Valley
          • Cedo Alp
Boscardin M. et al. (2013)
  • Sicily
    • Metropolitan City of Messina
      • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
        • Lipari
          • Vulcano Island
Borodaev et al. (2003)
Japan
 
  • Fukushima Prefecture
    • Iwaki City
Alfredo Petrov collection (obtained from Dr. Ryuji Marumoto) +2 other references
Shimizu et al. (1993)
  • Gifu Prefecture
Sadanaga et al. (1974)
  • Yamaguchi Prefecture
    • Mine city
Uehara et al. (2014)
Kosovo
 
  • Mitrovica District
    • Mitrovica
      • Trepça complex
Kołodziejczyk et al. (2015)
Mexico
 
  • Sonora
    • Pitiquito Municipality
      • La Ciénega
Sid Williams
Papua New Guinea
 
  • Eastern Highlands Province
Noku et al. (2011)
Peru
 
  • Arequipa
    • Caravelí Province
      • Atico District
Yáñez et al. (2014, May)
Portugal
 
  • Vila Real
    • Boticas
      • Ardãos e Bobadela
Fuertes-Fuente et al. (2016)
Romania
 
  • Bihor County
    • Nucet
Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
  • Caraş-Severin County
Cook et al. (2002)
Szakáll (2002)
  • Harghita County
    • Ditrău Complex
Szakáll et al. (2010)
  • Hunedoara County
    • Buceș
      • Stănija
Cook et al. (2004)
  • Maramureș County
Buzatu et al. (2015)
Damian +7 other references
    • Băiuț
Cook +1 other reference
    • Borșa
Cook (1997) +1 other reference
Russia
 
  • Primorsky Krai
    • Dalnegorsk Urban District
      • Dalnegorsk
Simanenko (2007)
    • Krasnoarmeysky District
      • Arminsky ore district
Gonevchuk et al. (2005)
  • Sakha
    • Verkhoyansk Fold Belt
      • Verkhoyansk Silver Province
Gamyanin et al. (1998)
  • Sakhalin Oblast
    • Kuril Islands
      • Kurilsky District
        • Iturup Island
Pervukhina et al. (2012)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Krasnochikoysky District
Mineralogical Society of America - ...
    • Tungokochensky District
      • Vershino-Darasunskiy
Эпова et al. (2025)
Yurgenson et al. (2023)
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
Ďuďa R. et al. (1993)
      • Banská Štiavnica
Mikuš et al. (2026)
    • Brezno District
Pršek J. (Kandid. Diz.práca)
Koděra et al. (1986)
    • Revúca District
      • Chyžné
Bálintová T. (2006) +1 other reference
  • Košice Region
    • Rožňava District
Koděra et al. (1986)
    • Spišská Nová Ves District
Pršek J. (Kandid. dizert. práca)
  • Žilina Region
    • Liptovský Mikuláš District
Ozdín D. & Pršek J. (2004)
Ozdín D. & Pršek J.
Spain
 
  • Galicia
    • A Coruña
      • Malpica
Moëlo et al. (1987)
Switzerland
 
  • Valais
    • Goms
      • Obergoms
        • Oberwald
          • Furka pass area
            • Furka
Nowacki et al. (1976) +1 other reference
    • Westlich Raron
      • Steg-Hohtenn
        • Mittal
Schad (1989)
Schweizer strahler
Turkey
 
  • Balikesir Province
Yigit (2012) +1 other reference
UK
 
  • Scotland
    • Perth and Kinross
      • Meall nan Oighreag
Moëlo et al. (1987)
USA
 
  • California
    • Inyo County
      • Darwin Hills
        • Darwin Mining District
          • Darwin
Foord et al. (1989)
Mineral News: 16 (9) +2 other references
Dunning et al. (2000)
  • Colorado
    • Clear Creek County
      • Alice Mining District (Yankee Mining District; Lincoln Mining District)
        • Alice Mine
Hanson et al. (Rusty)
    • Gunnison County
      • Elk Mountain Mining District (Snowmass Mountain Mining District)
Mark Coolbaugh
    • Ouray County
Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference
    • Park County
      • Geneva Mining District
Moëlo et al. (1987)
  • Idaho
    • Owyhee County
      • South Mountain Mining District
John Lindell Collection
  • Nevada
    • Lander County
      • Ravenswood Mining District (Shoshone Mining District)
Castor et al. (2004)
Uzbekistan
 
  • Sirdaryo
Ashirov et al. (2023)
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