Lillianite Homologous Series
A group of related mineral species
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About Lillianite Homologous Series
The oldest homologous sulphosalt series to date. Comprises a group of Pb-Bi(Ag) sulphosalts with structures based on an ordered intergrowth of slabs with "galena-like" structure, cut parallel to (31l)PbS. There is a "chemical twin" character of the structural blocks; in the structure there are overlapping MS6 octahedra, which are substituted by bi-capped trigonal prisms, PbS6+2, in the adjacent units.
The series may be referred to as the gustavite-lillianite series, as the end members of the lillianite homologous series are exactly these two species; yet vikingite and treasurite are also members of the lillianite homologous series, which is thus a more general term.
The particular members (homologues) differ in the width of the galena-like units, which is expressed as N - the number of metal sites in the octahedral chains. This leads to N1,N2L notation, with N1 and N2 concerning the number of metal sites in two alternating slabs.
Lillianite (4,4L) and heyrovskýite (7,7L) are the only nominally Ag-free homologues.
The group may be divided into two branches: the lillianite branch (Pb-Bi-Ag sulfosalts in general) and the andorite branch (mostly Pb-Sb-Ag sulfosalts). The group is complex, as there are many homeotypic and homologous phases belonging to it.
The vast number of species belonging to this group is known as the lillianite homeotypic series (4L) (lillianite, gustavite, andorite VI, andorite IV, ramdohrite, fizélyite, uchucchacuaite, roshchinite, vikingite, treasurite). Meanwhile, the heyrovskýite homeotypic series (7L) includes heyrovskýite, aschamalmite, and eskimoite.
Another sulphosalt homologous series is the plagionite homologous series, (currently) corresponding to the plagionite group here on Mindat.
Group member list note: the list is probably incomplete.
The series may be referred to as the gustavite-lillianite series, as the end members of the lillianite homologous series are exactly these two species; yet vikingite and treasurite are also members of the lillianite homologous series, which is thus a more general term.
The particular members (homologues) differ in the width of the galena-like units, which is expressed as N - the number of metal sites in the octahedral chains. This leads to N1,N2L notation, with N1 and N2 concerning the number of metal sites in two alternating slabs.
Lillianite (4,4L) and heyrovskýite (7,7L) are the only nominally Ag-free homologues.
The group may be divided into two branches: the lillianite branch (Pb-Bi-Ag sulfosalts in general) and the andorite branch (mostly Pb-Sb-Ag sulfosalts). The group is complex, as there are many homeotypic and homologous phases belonging to it.
The vast number of species belonging to this group is known as the lillianite homeotypic series (4L) (lillianite, gustavite, andorite VI, andorite IV, ramdohrite, fizélyite, uchucchacuaite, roshchinite, vikingite, treasurite). Meanwhile, the heyrovskýite homeotypic series (7L) includes heyrovskýite, aschamalmite, and eskimoite.
Another sulphosalt homologous series is the plagionite homologous series, (currently) corresponding to the plagionite group here on Mindat.
Group member list note: the list is probably incomplete.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
47733
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:47733:2
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Cu | 0.76 % |
| Ag | 8.39 % |
| Mn | 3.02 % |
| Pb | 24.70 % |
| As | 9.54 % |
| Sb | 28.87 % |
| S | 24.30 % |
| Total: | 99.58 % |
wt%
| 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ag | 7.39 % | 11.25 % | 7.22 % |
| Pb | 22.82 % | 19.95 % | 31.70 % |
| Bi | 51.15 % | 26.97 % | |
| S | 17.13 % | 22.23 % | 18.39 % |
| Cu | 1.06 % | ||
| Tl | 0.45 % | ||
| Hg | 2.76 % | ||
| As | 1.55 % | ||
| Sb | 40.45 % | 15.72 % | |
| Total: | 98.49 % | 99.7 % | 100 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 2 | Ag0.77Pb1.24Bi2.74S6.00 |
| 3 | Cu1.14Ag7.12Tl0.15Hg0.94Pb6.57(Sb22.68As1.41)Σ24.09S47.33 |
| 4 | (Ag0.68Cu0.01)Σ0.69(Pb1.56Fe0.01Cd0.01)Σ1.58(Bi1.32Sb1.37)Σ2.69(S6.04Se0.01)Σ6.05 |
| 5 | (Ag3.03Cu0.03)Σ3.06(Pb6.19Fe0.02Cd0.01)Σ6.22(Sb7.71Bi2.90)Σ10.61S24.12 |
Sample references:
| ID | Type | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Type Specimen | Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru | ||
| 2 | Ivigtut Mine, Ivigtut stock, Arsuk Fjord, Sermersooq, Greenland | ÊMPA and XRD analysis of a single tabular mm sized grain | ||
| 3 | Type Specimen | Sant'Olga tunnel, Monte Arsiccio Mine, Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Stazzema, Lucca Province, Tuscany, Italy | Electron-microprobe analysis ( average of seven spot analyses) The empirical formula is calculated on the basis of ?Me= 40 atoms per formula unit. | |
| 4 | Type Specimen | Staročeské Lode, Kutná Hora, Kutná Hora District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic | The empirical formula is based on electron probe microanalyses and calculated on 11 apfu. | |
| 5 | " " | by EPMA (WDS); empirical formua basis: 44 atoms pfu |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019975 | Terrywallaceite | Yang H, Downs R T, Evans S H, Pinch W W (2013) Terrywallaceite, AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6, isotypic with gustavite, a new mineral from Mina Herminia, Julcani Mining District, Huancavelica, Peru American Mineralogist 98 1310-131 | 2013 | Mina Herminia, Julcani Mining District, Huancavelica, Peru | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018782 | Menchettiite | Bindi L, Keutsch F N, Bonazzi P (2012) Menchettiite, AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12, a new sulfosalt, belonging to the lillianite series from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Lima Department, Peru Note site occupancy model II American Mineralogist 97 440-446 | 2012 | Uchucchacua, Lima Department, Peru | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018781 | Menchettiite | Bindi L, Keutsch F N, Bonazzi P (2012) Menchettiite, AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12, a new sulfosalt, belonging to the lillianite series from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Lima Department, Peru Note site occupancy model I American Mineralogist 97 440-446 | 2012 | Uchucchacua, Lima Department, Peru | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019736 | Quatrandorite | Nespolo M, Ozawa T, Kawasaki Y, Sugiyama K (2012) Structural relations and pseudosymmetries in the andorite homologous series Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 107 226-243 | 2012 | Oura mine, San Jose, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018372 | Uchucchacuaite | Yang H, Downs R T, Evans S H, Feinglos M N, Tait K T (2011) Crystal structure of uchucchacuaite, AgMnPb3Sb5S12, and its relationship with ramdohrite and fizelyite American Mineralogist 96 1186-1189 | 2011 | Inakuraishi mine, Shakotan peninsula, Shiribeshi, Hokkaido Island, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018371 | Uchucchacuaite | Yang H, Downs R T, Evans S H, Feinglos M N, Tait K T (2011) Crystal structure of uchucchacuaite, AgMnPb3Sb5S12, and its relationship with ramdohrite and fizelyite American Mineralogist 96 1186-1189 | 2011 | Uchuc-Chacua, Lima, Peru | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018646 | Gustavite | Makovicky E, Topa D (2011) The crystal structure of gustavite, PbAgBi3S6 Analysis of twinning and polytypism using the OD approach European Journal of Mineralogy 23 537-550 | 2011 | Rotgulden, Lungau, Salzburg Land, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017602 | Gustavite | Pazout R, Dusek M (2009) Natural monoclinic AgPb(Bi2Sb)S6, an Sb-rich gustavite, Acta Crystallographica C65 i77-i80 | ![]() | 2009 | Kutna Hora polymetallic deposit, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
| 0014588 | Aschamalmite | Callegari A M, Boiocchi M (2009) Aschamalmite (Pb6Bi2S9): crystal structure and ordering scheme for Pb and Bi atoms Mineralogical Magazine 73 83-94 | 2009 | Susa Valley, Piedmont, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018405 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018404 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018403 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018402 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018401 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018400 | Lillianite | Olsen L A, Balic Zunic T, Makovicky E (2008) High-pressure anisotropic distortion of Pb3Bi2S6: a pressure-induced, reversible phase transition with migration of chemical bonds Inorganic Chemistry 47 6756-6762 | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006072 | Lillianite | Pinto D, Balic-Zunic T, Garavelli A, Makovicky E, Vurro F (2006) Comparative crystal-structure study of Ag-free lillianite and galenobismutite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 44 159-175 | ![]() | 2006 | Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0005755 | Xilingolite | Berlepsch P, Armbruster T, Makovicky E, Hejny C, Topa D, Graeser S (2001) The crystal structure of (001) twinned xilingolite, Pb3Bi2S6, from Mittal-Hohtenn, Valais, Switzerland The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1653-1663 | ![]() | 2001 | Mittal-Hohtenn, Valais, Switzerland | 0 | 293 |
| 0011039 | Gustavite | Bente K, Engel M, Steins M (1993) Crystal structure of lead silver tribismuth sulfide, PbAgBi3S6 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 205 327-328 | ![]() | 1993 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0014865 | Vikingite | Makovicky E, Mumme W G, Madsen I C (1992) The crystal structure of vikingite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1992 454-468 | 1992 | La Roche Balue, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010974 | Senandorite | Sawada H, Kawada I, Hellner E, Tokonami M (1987) The crystal structure of senandorite (andorite VI): PbAgSb3S6 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 180 141-150 | ![]() | 1987 | Freiberg, Saxony, Germany | 0 | 293 |
| 0014713 | Ramdohrite | Makovicky E, Mumme W G (1983) The crystal structure of ramdohrite, Pb6Sb11Ag3S24, and its implications for the andorite group and zinckenite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 147 58-79 | 1983 | Chocaya Mine, Potosi, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014706 | Lillianite | Makovicky E (1977) Chemistry and crystallography of the lillianite homologous series Part III. Crystal chemistry of lillianite homologues. Related phases Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 131 187-207 | 1977 | Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018399 | Lillianite | Takagi J, Takeuchi Y (1972) The crystal structure of lillianite Acta Crystallographica B28 649-651 | ![]() | 1972 | Tsubakihara mine, Gifu Prefecture, Japan | 0 | 293 |
| 0014745 | Senandorite | Kawada I, Hellner E (1971) Die kristallstruktur der pseudozelle (sub cell) von andorit VI (ramdohrit) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1971 551-560 | 1971 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Synonyms of Lillianite Homologous Series
Relationship of Lillianite Homologous Series to other Species
Lillianite Homologous Series Members:
| Andreadiniite | CuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Arsenquatrandorite | Ag17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Aschamalmite | Pb6-3xBi2+xS9 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Baiamareite | Ag4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48 | Mon. 2/m |
| Brusnitsynite | Mn3CuPbAs3Sb2S12 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Clino-oscarkempffite | Ag15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Erzwiesite | Ag8Pb12Bi16S40 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm |
| Eskimoite | Ag7Pb10Bi15S36 | Mon. |
| Fizélyite | Ag5Pb14Sb21S48 | Mon. 2/m |
| Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Heyrovskýite | Pb6Bi2S9 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cccm |
| Holubite | Ag3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24 | Mon. 2/m |
| Jasrouxite | Ag16Pb4(Sb25As15)S72 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lasmanisite | Ag12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96 | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Lazerckerite | Ag3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Menchettiite | AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Oscarkempffite | Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48 | Orth. mm2 |
| Ourayite | Ag3Pb4Bi5S13 | Orth. |
| Oyonite | Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24 | Mon. 2/m |
| Quatrandorite | AgPbSb3S6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Ramdohrite | Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24 | Mon. 2/m |
| Roshchinite | Ag19Pb10Sb51S96 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| 'Schirmerite' | PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9 | Orth. |
| Senandorite | AgPbSb3S6 | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
| Staročeskéite | Ag0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm |
| Tarutinoite | Ag3Pb7Bi7S19 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Terrywallaceite | AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Treasurite | Ag7Pb6Bi15S32 | Mon. |
| Uchucchacuaite | AgMnPb3Sb5S12 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmm |
| Ustarasite | Pb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?) | |
| Vikingite | Ag5Pb8Bi13S30 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Xilingolite | Pb3Bi2S6 | Mon. |
Click on any node to view relationships. Formula-derived relationship network for the group members above. Use Find related species to add formula-neighbour species outside the current group view. Solid links show inferred chemical differences; dashed violet links show same-formula crystallographic differences. Hydration states are not treated as relationship changes. These relationships do not imply any real-world substitution reactions between these species.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lillianite Homologous Series
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-47733.html
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References for Lillianite Homologous Series
Reference List:
Moëlo, Yves; Marcoux, Eric; Makovicky, Emil; Karup-Møller, Sven; Legendre, Olivier (1987) Homologues de la lillianite (gustavite, vikingite, heyrovskyite riche en Ag et Bi.) de l'indice à W-As-(Pb,Bi,Ag) de La Roche-Balue (Loire Atlantique, France). Bulletin de Minéralogie, 110 (1). p.43-64. doi:10.3406/bulmi.1987.8025
Pring, A., Jercher, M., Makovicky, E. (1999) Disorder and compositional variation in the lillianite homologous
series. Mineralogical Magazine, 63 (6) 917-926 doi:10.1180/minmag.1999.063.6.11
Makovicky, E. (2006) Crystal Structures of Sulfides and Other Chalcogenides, in Sulfide Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 61. Mineralogical Society of America. 7-125 doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.61.2
Moëlo, Yves, Makovicky, Emil, Mozgova, Nadejda N., Jambor, John L., Cook, Nigel, Pring, Allan, Paar, Werner, Nickel, Ernest H., Graeser, Stephan, Karup-Møller, Sven, Balic-unic, Tonči, Mumme, William G., Vurro, Filippo, Topa, Dan (2008) Sulfosalt systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalt sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20 (1) 7-62 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1778
Elcoro, Luis, Perez-Mato, J. M., Friese, Karen, Petříček, Václav, Balić-Žunić, Tonči, Olsen, Lars Arnskov (2008) Modular crystals as modulated structures: the case of the lillianite homologous series. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 64 (6) 684-701 doi:10.1107/s0108768108031492
Pažout, Richard; Dušek, Michal (2010) Crystal structure of natural orthorhombic Ag0.71Pb1.52Bi1.32Sb1.45S6, a lillianite homologue with N = 4; comparison with gustavite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22 (5). 741-750 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2046
Topa, D., Makovicky, E., Schimper, H. J., Dittrich, H. (2010) THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC ORTHORHOMBIC N = 8 MEMBER OF THE LILLIANITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (5) 1127-1135 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.5.1127
Localities for Lillianite Homologous Series
Showing 884 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.









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The
Hůrky, Čistá ring, Čistá, Rakovník District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic