Geocronite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Geocronite
Formula:
Pb14Sb6S23
Colour:
Light lead gray to grayish
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.46
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek, γή, earth (Gea in Greek, the alchemistic name for antimony) and κρόνος, Saturn (Chronos in Greek, the alchemistic name for lead).
Isostructural with:
Geocronite-Jordanite Series. Substitution of As is preferentially at the Sb4 site (Biagioni et al., 2016).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1674
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1674:8
IMA Classification of Geocronite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+14Sb3+6S2-23
Classification of Geocronite
2.JB.30a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
B : Galena derivatives, with Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
B : Galena derivatives, with Pb
3.3.1.2
3 : SULFOSALTS
3 : 3 <ø < 4
3 : SULFOSALTS
3 : 3 <ø < 4
5.6.22
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Geo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Geocronite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Light lead gray to grayish
Streak:
Light leadgray to grayish blue
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=144 - 160 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {011}.
Distinct on {011}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.46 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Geocronite
Anisotropism:
Moderate
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 40.5% | 45.3% |
| 420nm | 40.4% | 45.0% |
| 440nm | 40.0% | 44.4% |
| 460nm | 39.7% | 43.9% |
| 480nm | 39.5% | 43.6% |
| 500nm | 39.3% | 43.2% |
| 520nm | 39.1% | 42.8% |
| 540nm | 38.8% | 42.3% |
| 560nm | 38.6% | 41.9% |
| 580nm | 38.3% | 41.5% |
| 600nm | 38.0% | 41.1% |
| 620nm | 37.7% | 40.6% |
| 640nm | 37.2% | 40.1% |
| 660nm | 36.5% | 39.4% |
| 680nm | 35.9% | 38.8% |
| 700nm | 35.1% | 38.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 45.3%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Pure white
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Geocronite
Mindat Formula:
Pb14Sb6S23
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Geocronite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Setting:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.963 Å, b = 31.93 Å, c = 8.500 Å
β = 118.02(1)°
β = 118.02(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.281 : 1 : 0.266
Unit Cell V:
2,147.46 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Tabular, massive, earthy. Crystals rare, but up to 8cm.
Twinning:
Common on {001}, lamellar.
Crystallographic forms of Geocronite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020595 | Geocronite | Biagioni C, Dini A, Orlandi P, Moelo Y, Pasero M, Zaccarini F (2016) Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XX. Members of the jordanite-geocronite series from the Pollone mine, Valdicastello Carducci: Occurrence and crystal structures Minerals 6 doi:10.3390 | 2016 | Pollone mine, Valdicastello Carducci, Pietrasanta, Tuscany, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000530 | Geocronite | Birnie R W, Burnham C W (1976) The crystal structure and extent of solid solution of geocronite American Mineralogist 61 963-970 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.71 Å | (60) |
| 3.54 Å | (100) |
| 3.39 Å | (80) |
| 3.18 Å | (86) |
| 3.06 Å | (90) |
| 2.98 Å | (70) |
| 2.89 Å | (90) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Geocronite
Synonyms of Geocronite
Other Language Names for Geocronite
Relationship of Geocronite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Jordanite Homologous Series:
| Arsenmarcobaldiite | Pb12(As3.2Sb2.8)Σ6S21 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Gratonite | Pb9As4S15 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Marcobaldiite | Pb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 43 photos of Geocronite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 37 photos of Geocronite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 29 photos of Geocronite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 16 photos of Geocronite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 15 photos of Geocronite associated with Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 |
| 14 photos of Geocronite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 14 photos of Geocronite associated with Falkmanite | Pb3Sb2S6 |
| 12 photos of Geocronite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 8 photos of Geocronite associated with Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| 5 photos of Geocronite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.JB. | Clino-oscarkempffite | Ag15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72 |
| 2.JB. | Arsenquatrandorite | Ag17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96 |
| 2.JB. | Ginelfite | Ag2(Ag0.5Fe)TlPb23.5(Sb,As)33.5S76 |
| 2.JB. | Andreadiniite | CuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48 |
| 2.JB. | Chukotkaite | AgPb7Sb5S15 |
| 2.JB. | Selenojunoite | Cu2Pb3Bi8Se16 |
| 2.JB. | Lechnerite | Ag10Cu4HgPb33Sb58S128 |
| 2.JB. | Cuprosenandorite | Ag16Cu8Pb24Sb72S144 |
| 2.JB. | Morleyite | Ag2CuPb25Sb24As4S68.5 |
| 2.JB. | Lazerckerite | Ag3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24 |
| 2.JB. | Lasmanisite | Ag12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96 |
| 2.JB. | Montpelvouxite | AgPb16Sb27As18S84 |
| 2.JB. | Senandorite | AgPbSb3S6 |
| 2.JB. | Oscarkempffite | Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48 |
| 2.JB.05 | Diaphorite | Ag3Pb2Sb3S8 |
| 2.JB.10 | Cosalite | Pb2Bi2S5 |
| 2.JB.15 | Marrite | AgPbAsS3 |
| 2.JB.15 | Freieslebenite | AgPbSbS3 |
| 2.JB.20 | Cannizzarite | Pb48Bi56S132 |
| 2.JB.20 | Wittite | Pb9Bi12(S,Se)27 |
| 2.JB.25j | Rouxelite | Cu2HgPb23Sb27S65.5 |
| 2.JB.25i | Neyite | Ag2Cu6Pb25Bi26S68 |
| 2.JB.25a | Junoite | Cu2Pb3Bi8(S,Se)16 |
| 2.JB.25f | Ángelaite | Cu2AgPbBiS4 |
| 2.JB.25e | Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 |
| 2.JB.25c | Nordströmite | CuPb3Bi7(Se4S10) |
| 2.JB.25i | Cuproneyite | Cu7Pb27Bi25S68 |
| 2.JB.25g | Nuffieldite | Cu1.4Pb2.4Bi2.4Sb0.2S7 |
| 2.JB.25h | Weibullite | Pb5Bi8Se7S11 |
| 2.JB.25d | Proudite | CuPb7.5Bi9.33(S,Se)22 |
| 2.JB.25b | Felbertalite | Cu2Pb6Bi8S19 |
| 2.JB.30a | Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 |
| 2.JB.30a | Arsenmarcobaldiite | Pb12(As3.2Sb2.8)Σ6S21 |
| 2.JB.30b | Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 |
| 2.JB.30c | Tsugaruite | Pb28As15S50Cl |
| 2.JB.30a | Marcobaldiite | Pb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21 |
| 2.JB.35d | Pellouxite | (Cu,Ag)Pb10Sb12S27O(Cl,S)0.6 |
| 2.JB.35e | Chovanite | Pb15-2xSb14+2xS36Ox (x ~ 0.2) |
| 2.JB.35a | Zinkenite | Pb9Sb22S42 |
| 2.JB.35c | Pillaite | Pb9Sb10S23ClO0.5 |
| 2.JB.35b | Scainiite | Pb14Sb30S54O5 |
| 2.JB.35f | Tubulite | Ag2Pb22Sb20S53 |
| 2.JB.40a | Fizélyite | Ag5Pb14Sb21S48 |
| 2.JB.40a | Ramdohrite | Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24 |
| 2.JB.40e | Ustarasite | Pb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?) |
| 2.JB.40a | 'Bursaite' | Pb5Bi4S11 (?) |
| 2.JB.40 | 'UM1988-05-S:AgBiCuHgPb' | (Hg,Ag,Cu,Pb)5Pb5Bi11S27 |
| 2.JB.40 | 'UM1988-06-S:AgBiCuHgPb' | (Pb,Hg)12(Cu,Ag)3(Bi,Sb)10(S,Te)27 |
| 2.JB.40a | Terrywallaceite | AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6 |
| 2.JB.40a | Jasrouxite | Ag16Pb4(Sb25As15)S72 |
| 2.JB.40a | Tarutinoite | Ag3Pb7Bi7S19 |
| 2.JB.40a | Oyonite | Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24 |
| 2.JB.40b | Heyrovskýite | Pb6Bi2S9 |
| 2.JB.40a | Quatrandorite | AgPbSb3S6 |
| 2.JB.40a | Erzwiesite | Ag8Pb12Bi16S40 |
| 2.JB.40a | Vikingite | Ag5Pb8Bi13S30 |
| 2.JB.40a | Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 |
| 2.JB.40b | Baiamareite | Ag4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48 |
| 2.JB.40a | Staročeskéite | Ag0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6 |
| 2.JB.40a | Roshchinite | Ag19Pb10Sb51S96 |
| 2.JB.40b | Aschamalmite | Pb6-3xBi2+xS9 |
| 2.JB.40b | Eskimoite | Ag7Pb10Bi15S36 |
| 2.JB.40a | Menchettiite | AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12 |
| 2.JB.40a | Holubite | Ag3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24 |
| 2.JB.40a | Brusnitsynite | Mn3CuPbAs3Sb2S12 |
| 2.JB.40a | Treasurite | Ag7Pb6Bi15S32 |
| 2.JB.40c | Ourayite | Ag3Pb4Bi5S13 |
| 2.JB.40a | Uchucchacuaite | AgMnPb3Sb5S12 |
| 2.JB.40d | 'Schirmerite' | PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9 |
| 2.JB.40a | Xilingolite | Pb3Bi2S6 |
| 2.JB.40a | Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
| 2.JB.55 | Gratonite | Pb9As4S15 |
| 2.JB.60 | Marrucciite | Hg3Pb16Sb18S46 |
| 2.JB.65 | Vurroite | Pb20Sn2(Bi,As)22S54Cl6 |
| 2.JB.65 | Tazieffite | Pb20Cd2(As,Bi)22S50Cl10 |
| 2.JB.70 | Daliranite | PbHgAs2S5 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Geocronite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1674.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Geocronite
Reference List:
Svanberg, L. F. (1840) Untersuchung des Geokronit und Hydrophit, zweier in Schweden vorkommenden neuen Mineralien. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 127. 535-538 doi:10.1002/andp.18401271210
Douglass, Robert M.; Murphy, Michael J.; Pabst, A. (1954) Geocronite. American Mineralogist, 39 (11-12). 908-928
Birnie, Richard W., Burnham, Charles W. (1976) The crystal structure and extent of solid solution of geocronite. American Mineralogist, 61 (9-10) 963-970
Biagioni, Cristian; Dini, Andrea; Orlandi, Paolo; Moëlo, Yves; Pasero, Marco; Zaccarini, Federica (2016) Lead-Antimony Sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XX. Members of the Jordanite–Geocronite Series from the Pollone Mine, Valdicastello Carducci: Occurrence and Crystal Structures. Minerals, 6 (1). 15 doi:10.3390/min6010015
Vakh, A. S.; Avchenko, O. V.; Goryachev, N. A.; Gvozdev, V. I.; Karabtsov, A. A. (2016) New data on the composition of jordanite–geocronite Pb–Sb–As sulfosalts at the Berezitovoe deposit (Upper Amur Region, Russia). Doklady Earth Sciences, 467 (2). 402-407 doi:10.1134/s1028334x16040231
Apopei, A. I., Damian, G., Buzgar, N., Buzatu, A., Andráš, P., Milovska, S. (2017) The determination of the Sb/As content in natural tetrahedrite–tennantite and bournonite–seligmannite solid solution series by Raman spectroscopy. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (6) 1439-1456 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.008
Meng, Songning; Meng, Yumiao; Huang, Xiaowen; Gu, Xiangping; Shi, Zeming; Hu, Ruizhong; Bi, Xianwu (2026) Genesis of jordanite-geocronite solid solution series in the Huize Pb-Zn deposit, SW China: Implications for fluid evolution in the late mineralization stage. American Mineralogist, 111 (3). 394-409 doi:10.2138/am-2024-9708
Localities for Geocronite
Showing 186 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Lips (2006) |
Argentina | |
| Silver Standard Resources Inc |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| ROBL +1 other reference | |
| February 2009 +3 other references |
Armenia | |
| Kukulyan (1988) |
Australia | |
| Fleminig +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Hovakimyan et al. (2019) |
Bolivia | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Wilson (2001) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljević et al. (2016) |
| Radosavljevic et al. (2005) | |
Brazil | |
| Birch (1977) |
Bulgaria | |
| Nikolova et al. (2019) |
| Stamatova et al. (2004) |
Canada | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Woodside et al. (2000) |
| Bernhardt Augsten et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Adex Mining |
| Jambor (1967) +1 other reference |
| Harris et al. (1988) +2 other references |
| Sabina (1991) | |
| Tomkins (2007) |
| Grema et al. (2024) |
| Evans (1957) |
China | |
| Xinhui Liu et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Mineral Deposits 4 (1) |
| Aikui Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Weifan Ding (1983) +1 other reference |
| Yan Liu et al. (2005) |
| Sun et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein (2007) |
| David Parfitt collection | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Josef Vajdak specimens | |
| Sejkora et al. (2023) |
| Rezek +5 other references |
Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland ... +1 other reference |
| Eilu (2003) |
France | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Picot et al. (1982) |
| |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Munoz et al. (1982) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Moëlo et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Scharrer et al. (2020) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| P. Ramdohr | |
| Rank (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2003) |
| Heppner (2003) |
| biomine.brgm.fr (2015) |
| Wind et al. (2023) |
| Wind et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
India | |
| Dasgupta et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1968 36 : ... | |
Iran | |
| Topa et al. (2013) |
| Daliran (2008) |
| Asadi +4 other references | |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +2 other references |
| Martin Stolworthy (Personal Collection) +1 other reference |
| Taylor (1984) |
| Andrew et al. (2025) | |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fiori et al. (1999) |
| Bramanti A. +3 other references |
| Angelillis R. |
| Amodio Morelli L. et al. (Alpi Apuane) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +2 other references | |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +4 other references |
| Ex F. Mauro Collection +1 other reference |
| Franzini et al. (1982) | |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Gianfranco Ciccolini Collection |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Matsukuma et al (1981) |
| HATSUKAWA et al. (2020) |
| Torimoto et al. (2018) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Luxembourg | |
| Filella et al. (2009) |
Mongolia | |
| Khishgee et al. (2014) |
Norway | |
| Ramdohr (1938) +1 other reference |
| Reusch (1880) +1 other reference |
| F.M. Vokes (1963) +2 other references |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Tuomo Törmänen (2005) |
Peru | |
| Duval et al. (1986) |
| Lewis (1964) |
| Lewis (1964) | |
| Lewis (1964) |
| Lewis (1964) | |
| Birnie et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) | |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| - (1997) |
| Hulse (2015) |
| Brandstetter (2022) |
Poland | |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) | |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Ilinca (2012) |
| Ilinca (2012) | |
| Apopei et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Ciobanu et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Buzatu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Nordgold |
| Ivashchenko (2024) |
| Vikentyev (2015) +3 other references |
| Spiridonov et al. (2010) +2 other references |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2016) | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Bálintová T. et al. (Slovakia) +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Duda et. all. |
| Topa et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2019) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Burke et al. (1990) |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1982) |
| Ulf Nyberg collection +1 other reference |
| Ulf Nyberg photo & specimen | |
| Jansson et al. (2022) |
| Am Min 39 (1954) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Roth et al. (2023) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet et al. (2011) |
Taiwan | |
| Yang et al. (1982) |
Turkey | |
| Sharp et al. (2007) |
UK | |
| Birnie et al. (1976) +2 other references |
USA | |
| Taylor |
| Orr (1990) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references |
| [… (abstract) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Allen (1990) |
| ... |
| Gobla (2012) +1 other reference |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| - (2005) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Jensen (1978) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 13832 |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Means +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:396. |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
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The
Silver tunnel, Van Silver Property, Brandywine Creek, Vancouver Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada