Arseniosiderite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Arseniosiderite
Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Colour:
Golden-yellow to yellow-brown, reddish-brown, brown, black
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy, Silky, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
3.58 - 3.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Ours Pierre Armand Petit-Dufrénoy in 1842 for the element arsenic and from the Greek σίδηρος ("sideros") for "iron" in allusion to the mineral's composition, containing arsenic and iron.
Mitridatite Group. Arseniosiderite-Mitridatite Series and Arseniosiderite-Robertsite Series.
The Fe(III) analogue of georgeliuite.
See also the related Unnamed (Arseniosiderite-related mineral), Wallkilldellite-(Fe), Yukonite and Kolfanite.
The Fe(III) analogue of georgeliuite.
See also the related Unnamed (Arseniosiderite-related mineral), Wallkilldellite-(Fe), Yukonite and Kolfanite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
360
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:360:5
Similar Names
| Arsenosiderite | A synonym of Löllingite |
IMA Classification of Arseniosiderite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3O2(As5+O4)3(H2O)2·H2O
First published:
1842
Classification of Arseniosiderite
8.DH.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
Dana 7th ed.:
42.8.4.3
42.8.4.3
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
20.9.11
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Assd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ass | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Arseniosiderite
Resinous, Greasy, Silky, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Golden-yellow to yellow-brown, reddish-brown, brown, black
Comment:
Reddish brown to brownish yellow in transmitted light.
Streak:
Ocher-yellow.
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001}, perfect.
On {001}, perfect.
Fracture:
Fibrous
Density:
3.58 - 3.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.78 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Arseniosiderite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.792 - 1.815 nβ = 1.87 - 1.898 nγ = 1.87 - 1.898
Birefringence:
0.08
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.078 - 0.083
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (-0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (-0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r > v
Optical Extinction:
X perpendicular to {100}
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = Nearly colourless to pale brownish or brownish red
Y = Z = Brownish red to dark brownish red
Y = Z = Brownish red to dark brownish red
Comments:
Pseudouniaxial (-). 2V (measured) = small, essentially 0.
Chemistry of Arseniosiderite
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Arseniosiderite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 17.76 Å, b = 19.53 Å, c = 11.3 Å
β = 96°
β = 96°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.909 : 1 : 0.579
Unit Cell V:
3,897.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Pseudotetragonal. Cell space group: A2/a.
Commonly occurs as flattened fibers, in radial aggregates, and felted to granular masses. Euhedral crystals rare.
Commonly occurs as flattened fibers, in radial aggregates, and felted to granular masses. Euhedral crystals rare.
Comment:
A2/a
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.84 Å | (100) |
| 5.62 Å | (50) |
| 3.28 Å | (40) |
| 3.22 Å | (40) |
| 2.945 Å | (50) |
| 2.772 Å | (80) |
| 2.213 Å | (40) |
| 1.643 Å | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 26-1002
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of arsenic-bearing deposits.
Type Occurrence of Arseniosiderite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, numbers 41100, 48228.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
An uncommon secondary mineral formed by the oxidation of earlier arsenic-bearing phases.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Arseniosiderite
Other Language Names for Arseniosiderite
Relationship of Arseniosiderite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Mitridatite Group:
| Georgeliuite | Ca2Mn3+3O2(AsO4)3(H2O)2 · H2O | Mon. m : Bm |
| Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| Mitridatite | Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 37 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 36 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 35 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 32 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Pharmacosiderite | KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O |
| 29 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 25 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 24 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 18 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 16 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 16 photos of Arseniosiderite associated with Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DH. | Thebaite-(NH4) | (NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O) |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(MnMnMn) | Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH. | Ammoniotinsleyite | (NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH. | Bergbauerite | (H2O)2Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH. | Dendoraite-(NH4) | (NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 8.DH. | Rowleyite | [Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6 · n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl] |
| 8.DH. | Hochleitnerite | Mn2Ti3(PO4)4O2(H2O)2 · 14H2O |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(CaMnFe) | CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.05 | Minyulite | KAl2(PO4)2F · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Tinsleyite | KAl2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Spheniscidite | (NH4,K)(Fe3+,Al)2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | {Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnMnMg) | MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaFeFe)' | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Rittmannite | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaMgMg)' | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMgMg) | CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnFeMg) | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Kaluginite' | (Mn2+,Ca)MgFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | {Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Segelerite | Ca2 Mg2 Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Lun'okite | (Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Manganosegelerite | (Mn2+,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Wilhelmvierlingite | CaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Juonniite | CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Overite | CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Calcioferrite | Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Zodacite | Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Fanfaniite | Ca4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Kingsmountite | Ca3Mn2+FeAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Pararobertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Sailaufite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Mn3+3(AsO4)2(CO3)O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Mitridatite | Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Mantienneite | KMg2Al2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Sperlingite | (H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)] [(H2O)9(OH)] · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Paulkerrite | K(Mg,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Al,Ti,Mg)2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Hydroxylbenyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Macraeite | K(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Benyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2Ti2Fe3+(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Fluormacraeite | [(H2O)K]Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.40 | Xanthoxenite | Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.45 | Mahnertite | NaCu3(AsO4)2Cl · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Andyrobertsite | KCdCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Calcioandyrobertsite | KCaCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.55 | Englishite | K3Na2Ca10Al15(PO4)21(OH)7 · 26H2O |
| 8.DH.60 | Bouazzerite | Bi6(Mg,Co)11Fe3+14(AsO4)18(OH)4O12 · 86H2O |
| 8.DH.65 | Galliskiite | Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.70 | Joteite | Ca2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.75 | Kampelite | Ba6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.80 | Kapundaite | NaCaFe4(PO4)4(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.85 | Vaniniite | Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Arseniosiderite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in hot acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Arseniosiderite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-360.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Arseniosiderite
Reference List:
Glocker, Ernst Friedrich (1847) Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens [A synopsis of the genera and species of minerals, according to their natural orders, including the names of all the minerals that have yet been discovered.]. Eduardus Anton. 348 pp. p.226
Church, A. H. (1873) New analyses of certain mineral arseniates and phosphates. Journal of the Chemical Society, 26. 101-111 doi:10.1039/js8732600101
Lacroix, Alfred (1886) Propriétés optiques de l'arséniosidérite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 9 (1) 3-4 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1886.1968
Larsen, Esper S. (1918) The probable identity of mazapilite and arseniosiderite. American Mineralogist, 3 (2) 12-13
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.42
Barthoux, Jules (1925) Minéraux du Djebel Debar (Constantine) et leur genèse. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 48 (2) 99-115 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1925.3968
Foshag, W. F. (1937) Carminite and associated minerals from Mapimi, Mexico. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 479-484
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1957) New occurrences of arseniosiderite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 31 (237) 499-500 doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.031.237.12
Moore, Paul Brian, Ito, J. (1974) I. Jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite, three new transition metal phosphate species. II. Redefinition of overite, an isotype of segelerite. III. Isotypy of robertsite, mitridatite, and arseniosiderite. American Mineralogist, 59 (1-2) 48-59
Moore, Paul Brian., Araki, Takaharu. (1977) Mitridatite, Ca6(H2O)6[Fe93+O6(PO4)9].3H2O. A noteworthy octahedral sheet structure. Inorganic Chemistry, 16 (5) 1096-1106 doi:10.1021/ic50171a025
Jambor, L., Burke, Ernst A. J., Grew, Edward S., Puziewicz, Jacek (1993) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 78 (5-6) 672-678
Gomez, M.A., Becze, L., Blyth, R.I.R., Cutler, J.N., Demopoulos, G.P. (2010) Molecular and structural investigation of yukonite (synthetic & natural) and its relation to arseniosiderite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74 (20) 5835-5851 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.023
Paktunc, Dogan, Majzlan, Juraj, Huang, Artis, Thibault, Yves, Johnson, Michel B., White, Mary Anne (2015) Synthesis, characterization, and thermodynamics of arsenates forming in the Ca-Fe(III)-As(V)-NO3system: Implications for the stability of Ca-Fe arsenates. American Mineralogist, 100 (8) 1803-1820 doi:10.2138/am-2015-5199
Localities for Arseniosiderite
Showing 272 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Dunn et al. (1985) |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| Meixner (1939) +2 other references |
| Auer (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Auer (2020) |
| Auer & Postl (2016) |
| C.Auer (2012) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Putz et al. (2012) |
| Bauer (1997) |
| U. Kolitsch (PXRD) +2 other references |
Belgium | |
| Loeber (2005) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Federico Ahlfeld & Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina: Los Yacimientos Minerales y de Hidrocarburos de Bolivia (La Paz, 1964) |
Bulgaria | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (1999) |
Canada | |
| Mooseland Gold Company of Nova Scotia (1864) |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
Chile | |
| Kampf et al. (2015) |
| maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
China | |
| www.trinityminerals.com (2004) |
| Qida Zhang and Dakang Song (1990) |
Czech Republic | |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
| Novák +3 other references |
France | |
| Heinz Förch collection |
| Aubert (1969) | |
| Nino Pastoors collection |
| Nino Pastoors collection |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Gourault et al. (2021) |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Annal. Mines (1842) +2 other references |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection | |
| Bari (1982) | |
| Bari (1982) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| R Stein collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| |
| Patrice Queneau Collection. Visual ... |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Germany | |
| Brill et al. (2017) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Markl (1992) |
| Steen (2013) |
| Falkenstein (2010) |
| American Mineralogist: 67: 854. +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference |
| Lorenz (1991) |
| |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (10) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Petitjean et al. (2007) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Krause et al. (1982) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Noll (1984) |
| Hartmut Hensel collection | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Witzke (1993) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Witzke (2023) |
| Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mon. 558-576 | |
| Mandarino (2002) |
| Knoll (2009) |
| Gröbner et al. (2008) |
Greece | |
| |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses) | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Henk Smeets collection |
| Lang (1890) | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| |
| HOM Collection | |
Italy | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Bracco et al. (2014) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Guastoni A. |
| imgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.) |
| Guastoni et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Collection Giuseppe Finello - Photo ID: 889880 (SEM-EDS) |
| Giuseppe Finello find & collection (SEM- EDS) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. (1990) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Alessandro Socci (pers.comm. 2006) +1 other reference | |
| Dini et al. (2013) | |
| Dini A. (2013) | |
| Senesi et al. (1999) | |
Japan | |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| OHNISHI et al. (2013) +2 other references | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +2 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Smolyaninova et al. (1970) |
| Smolyaninova et al. (1970) | |
Mexico | |
| Moore (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +6 other references | |
| Moore et al. (2003) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Mikhail Murashko data |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Meisser et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Meisser +3 other references | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau (n.d.) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Wilson et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2021) |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Selbekk et al. (2010) | |
Poland | |
| Domańska (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
| Siuda (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Ramos et al. (2024) |
Russia | |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Alekseev (2025) | |
| Voloshin et al. (1982) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
Slovakia | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2024) |
| Števko M. (2018) |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ... |
| Rewitzer et al. (2014) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2013) |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Calvo (2015) |
Switzerland | |
| Majzlan et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| EDXS analyses et al. (I) |
| EDXS by P. Roth +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection First ... |
UK | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Neall et al. (2009) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual ID) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| White (1971) |
| Wise (1993) |
| Wells (1937) +2 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1986) | |
| |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckhard D. Stuart - collection |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Christophe Boutry collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Czaja (2025) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Robert E.Walstrom Collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| From the collection of Tom Wyman. ID by ... | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Norman King +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
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Manganese deposit, Romanèche-Thorens, La Chapelle-de-Guinchay, Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France