Mitridatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Mitridatite
Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, olive green, brownish-green, etc.
Lustre:
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.25 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1914 by P. A. Dvoichenko after Mt. Mithridat in the historical part of the city of Kerch, Kerch peninsula, Ukraine.
The structure is presented by Moore & Araki (1977).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2728
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2728:7
IMA Classification of Mitridatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3O2(PO4)3(H2O)2·H2O
Classification of Mitridatite
8.DH.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
42.8.4.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
19.14.17
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Mit | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Mit | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Mitridatite
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Highest luster seen on rare crystals
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, olive green, brownish-green, etc.
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
{100} observed on crystals from Gap Lode Pegmatite, South Dakota
{100} observed on crystals from Gap Lode Pegmatite, South Dakota
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Mitridatite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.785 nβ = 1.85 nγ = 1.85
2V:
Measured: 5° to 10°
Birefringence:
0.065
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.065
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
extreme
Comments:
X=greenish yellow Y, Z = deep greenish brown
Chemistry of Mitridatite
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Mitridatite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 17.53 Å, b = 19.35 Å, c = 11.25 Å
β = 95.92°
β = 95.92°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.906 : 1 : 0.581
Unit Cell V:
3,795.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Massive, as nodules, crusts, and veinlets. Earthy and powdery or friable to dense and gum-like. Rare crystals are pseudohexagonal, usually platy and with rounded edges.
Twinning:
Similar to robertsite, multiple rotation (π/3) perpendicular to {100}
Comment:
A2/a non-standard setting
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012683 | Mitridatite | Moore P B, Araki T (1977) Mitridatite, Ca6(H2O)6[FeIII9O6(PO4)9]*3H2O. A noteworthy octahedral sheet structure Inorganic Chemistry 16 1096-1106 | 1977 | White Elephant pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014469 | Mitridatite | Moore P B, Araki T (1977) Mitridatite - a remarkable octahedral sheet structure Loclaity: White Elephant pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota, USA Mineralogical Magazine 41 527-528 | ![]() | 1977 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.64 Å | (100) |
| 5.55 Å | (60) |
| 3.20 Å | (40) |
| 2.88 Å | (40) |
| 2.72 Å | (70) |
| 2.56 Å | (40) |
| 2.17 Å | (40) |
| 1.612 Å | (40) |
Comments:
26-1057
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Late stage mineralization in granite pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Mitridatite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
Earthy and compact masses of material. Pseudomorphs after other phosphate minerals.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oolitic sedimentary iron ores.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Mitridatite
Other Language Names for Mitridatite
Relationship of Mitridatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Mitridatite Group:
| Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Georgeliuite | Ca2Mn3+3O2(AsO4)3(H2O)2 · H2O | Mon. m : Bm |
| Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 45 photos of Mitridatite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 37 photos of Mitridatite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 25 photos of Mitridatite associated with Messelite | Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 24 photos of Mitridatite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 18 photos of Mitridatite associated with Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| 18 photos of Mitridatite associated with Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 17 photos of Mitridatite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 17 photos of Mitridatite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 16 photos of Mitridatite associated with Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 15 photos of Mitridatite associated with Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DH. | Thebaite-(NH4) | (NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O) |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(MnMnMn) | Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH. | Ammoniotinsleyite | (NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH. | Bergbauerite | (H2O)2Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH. | Dendoraite-(NH4) | (NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 8.DH. | Rowleyite | [Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6 · n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl] |
| 8.DH. | Hochleitnerite | Mn2Ti3(PO4)4O2(H2O)2 · 14H2O |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(CaMnFe) | CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.05 | Minyulite | KAl2(PO4)2F · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Tinsleyite | KAl2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Spheniscidite | (NH4,K)(Fe3+,Al)2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | {Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnMnMg) | MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaFeFe)' | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Rittmannite | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaMgMg)' | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMgMg) | CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnFeMg) | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Kaluginite' | (Mn2+,Ca)MgFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | {Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Segelerite | Ca2 Mg2 Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Lun'okite | (Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Manganosegelerite | (Mn2+,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Wilhelmvierlingite | CaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Juonniite | CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Overite | CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Calcioferrite | Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Zodacite | Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Fanfaniite | Ca4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Kingsmountite | Ca3Mn2+FeAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Pararobertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Sailaufite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Mn3+3(AsO4)2(CO3)O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Mantienneite | KMg2Al2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Sperlingite | (H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)] [(H2O)9(OH)] · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Paulkerrite | K(Mg,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Al,Ti,Mg)2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Hydroxylbenyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Macraeite | K(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Benyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2Ti2Fe3+(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Fluormacraeite | [(H2O)K]Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.40 | Xanthoxenite | Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.45 | Mahnertite | NaCu3(AsO4)2Cl · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Andyrobertsite | KCdCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Calcioandyrobertsite | KCaCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.55 | Englishite | K3Na2Ca10Al15(PO4)21(OH)7 · 26H2O |
| 8.DH.60 | Bouazzerite | Bi6(Mg,Co)11Fe3+14(AsO4)18(OH)4O12 · 86H2O |
| 8.DH.65 | Galliskiite | Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.70 | Joteite | Ca2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.75 | Kampelite | Ba6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.80 | Kapundaite | NaCaFe4(PO4)4(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.85 | Vaniniite | Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Mitridatite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in hot acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Mitridatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2728.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Mitridatite
Reference List:
Wambeke, L. Van (1971) The problem of cation deficiencies in some phosphates due to alteration processes. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1366-1384
Moore, Paul Brian, Ito, J. (1974) I. Jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite, three new transition metal phosphate species. II. Redefinition of overite, an isotype of segelerite. III. Isotypy of robertsite, mitridatite, and arseniosiderite. American Mineralogist, 59 (1-2) 48-59
Moore, Paul Brian (1976) Derivative structures based on the alunite octahedral sheet: mitridatite and englishite. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (316) 863-866 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.316.07
Moore, Paul Brian., Araki, Takaharu. (1977) Mitridatite, Ca6(H2O)6[Fe93+O6(PO4)9].3H2O. A noteworthy octahedral sheet structure. Inorganic Chemistry, 16 (5) 1096-1106 doi:10.1021/ic50171a025
Moore, Paul Brian, Araki, Takaharu (1977) Mitridatite: a remarkable octahedral sheet structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 41 (320) 527-528 doi:10.1180/minmag.1977.041.320.16
Rogers, Robert J., Brown, Francis H. (1979) Authigenic mitridatite from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia. American Mineralogist, 64 (1-2) 169-171
Localities for Mitridatite
Showing 173 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2012) |
| Colombo et al. (2012) |
| GALLISKI (1983) +1 other reference |
| Galliski et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2012) |
| Miguel Ángel María Florencia Márquez-Zavalía (eds.) |
Australia | |
| Peter Elliott |
| Mineralogical Magazine 63 +2 other references |
| Peter Elliott |
| John Toma |
| Elliott (2022) +1 other reference |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Bridge et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel R. (1982) +6 other references |
Brazil | |
| sergio varvello |
| Baijot et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Cassedanne et al. (1991) |
| Sergio Varvello collection | |
| Amores et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Carson et al. (1976) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Č +4 other references |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| ŠKODA R. +2 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Wambeke (1971) +1 other reference |
Ethiopia | |
| Rogers et al. (1979) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Aubert (1969) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Fehr et al. (1985) |
| Dill et al. (2012) |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (2011) |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| Habel (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
Greece | |
| Vrtiška et al. (2025) |
| Stamatakis et al. (2001) |
Italy | |
| Bracco et al. (2016) |
| Vignola et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Japan | |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| Ganko-Gakkai Koen-Yoshi (Abstracts of the Meetings of Japanese Association of Mineralogists...) | |
| Matsubara et al. (1980) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Collection Musée National de la ... |
Morocco | |
| ČECH et al. (1972) |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller (1974) | |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
Philippines | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2018) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Pieczka (2007) +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Neiva et al. (2001) |
| Gramaccioli (1981) +1 other reference |
| Pedro Alves collection (p-XRD and SEM EDS analysed samples) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes 2010 |
Romania | |
| Exel T. & Ottner F. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Feklichev et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data +1 other reference | |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) |
| Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 121 (2) +1 other reference | |
| Pekov (1998) | |
Rwanda | |
| Wambeke (1971) |
| von Knorring (1969) +2 other references |
South Africa | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
Spain | |
| Roda et al. (2001) |
| Christian Rewitzer collection |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (1998) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Bareche (2005) |
| & locality references +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Rosell (2014) | |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2020) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Vérez et al. (2024) |
Sweden | |
| Jansson (2000) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Vignola et al. (2008) |
| Weiß (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Ansermet et al. (2025) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Livingstone (1980) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Dvoichenko (1914) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Chukanov (2014) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
USA | |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Personal Collection |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Observations of Januzzi material by ... |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Mineralogy of Maine |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Thompson et al. (2000) |
| Falster et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Min News (1999) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Tom Mortimer collection |
| Kreinik (2022) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Moore (1965) +3 other references | |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Moore et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Joe Marty et al. (1999) |
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The
Gap Lode Pegmatite, Unorganized mining district [5], Pennington County, South Dakota, USA