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Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

A valid IMA mineral species
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06097250017271927547623.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
00470310017271927585439.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
00547520017271927611363.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg), etc.

Crosscut Creek, Kulan Camp, Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
06097250017271927547623.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
00470310017271927585439.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
00547520017271927611363.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg), etc.

Crosscut Creek, Kulan Camp, Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
06097250017271927547623.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
06547340017271927658044.jpg
Whiteite-(CaFeMg)

Rapid Creek, Dawson mining district, Yukon, Canada
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About Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

08597610017271927687613.jpg
John S. White
Formula:
{Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Colour:
Pink-brown, light brown
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.58
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named after John Sampson White, Jr. (30 September 1933, Monessen, Pennsylvania, USA -), associate curator of minerals, Smithsonian Institution; founder, editor, and publisher (1970-1982) of the Mineralogical Record. It was named at the same time as whiteite-(MnFeMg), where the suffixes indicate the dominant cations in the X, M(1), and M(2) structural positions.
Whiteite Subgroup.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
4277
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4277:8

Similar NamesHide

WadeiteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfatheredK2Zr(Si3O9)
WhiteitA synonym of 'Whiteite'
WhiteiteA synonym of Whiteite Subgroup
Whiteite-(CaMgMg)A valid IMA mineral speciesCaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(CaMnFe)A valid IMA mineral speciesCaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(CaMnMg)A valid IMA mineral species{Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(CaMnMn)A valid IMA mineral species{Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(MnFeMg)A valid IMA mineral species{(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(MnMnMg)A valid IMA mineral speciesMnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Whiteite-(MnMnMn)A valid IMA mineral speciesMn2+Mn2+Mn22+Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
WittiteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered - questionablePb9Bi12(S,Se)27

Classification of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

04249070017684452162373.jpg
The jahnsite structure archetype

The structure archetype of jahnsite group minerals, which includes the jahnsite and whiteite subgroups.

IMA Classification of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

IMA status:
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaFe2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O
Approval year:
1975
First published:
1978
Approval history:
Approved as a new species by IMA in 1975.
Type description reference:
Moore, Paul Brian, Ito, Jun (1978) I. Whiteite, a new species, and a proposed nomenclature for the jahnsite-whiteite complex series. II. New data on xanthoxenite. III. Salmonsite discredited. Mineralogical Magazine, 42 (323) 309-323 doi:10.1180/minmag.1978.042.323.01
Strunz-mindat (2026):
8.DH.15

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
Dana 8th ed.:
42.11.3.1

42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:
19.12.60

19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
Wt-CaFeMgIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Pink-brown, light brown
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Good to perfect, {001}
Density:
2.58(1) g/cm3 (Measured)    2.51 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.58 nβ = 1.585 nγ = 1.59
2V:
Measured: 40° to 50°, Calculated: 88°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none

Chemistry of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Mindat Formula:
{Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Element% weight
O54.987 %
P16.377 %
Fe7.382 %
Al7.133 %
Mg6.426 %
Ca5.298 %
H2.398 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
O
P
Fe
Al
Mg
Ca
H
Elements listed:
Al, Ca, Fe, H, Mg, Mn, O, P - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.87(2) Å, b = 6.95(3) Å, c = 10.13 Å
β = 112.8(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.14 : 1 : 1.458
Unit Cell V:
965.10 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Warped crystals showing the forms c{001}and n{111}.
Twinning:
Twinned by reflection on {001}, imparting a pseudo-orthorhombic appearance to the composite.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
9.304 Å(100)
2.789 Å(65)
4.660 Å(30)
4.849 Å(20)
2.946 Å(20)
2.542 Å(20)
1.936 Å(20)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
34 : Complex granite pegmatites

Type Occurrence of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Ilha claim, Taquaral, Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil
General Appearance of Type Material:
Pale tan to brown bunched aggregates of small (1-5 mm) tabular crystals to large (up to 2 cm) thick tabular canoe-shaped individuals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National School of Mines, Paris, France.
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian), Washington, D.C., USA, 123013.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Granite pegmatite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
AlbiteEosphoriteQuartzWarditeZanazziite
Reference:
Moore, Paul Brian, Ito, Jun (1978) I. Whiteite, a new species, and a proposed nomenclature for the jahnsite-whiteite complex series. II. New data on xanthoxenite. III. Salmonsite discredited. Mineralogical Magazine, 42 (323) 309-323 doi:10.1180/minmag.1978.042.323.01

Synonyms of Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Other Language Names for Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Relationship of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Whiteite Subgroup > Jahnsite Group
Other Members of Whiteite Subgroup:
Rittmannite{(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
Whiteite-(CaMgMg)CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
Whiteite-(CaMnFe)CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
Whiteite-(CaMnMg){Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
Whiteite-(CaMnMn){Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
Whiteite-(MnFeMg){(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
Whiteite-(MnMnMg)MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
Whiteite-(MnMnMn)Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
84 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with LazuliteMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2
64 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with QuartzSiO2
11 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with SideriteFeCO3
4 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with WhitlockiteCa9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)
4 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with KulaniteBa(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3
3 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with MesseliteCa2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O
2 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with Gormanite(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O
2 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
2 photos of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with Whiteite-(MnFeMg){(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
1 photo of Whiteite-(CaFeMg) associated with Arrojadite-(KFe)(KNa)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.DH.Thebaite-(NH4)(NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.Whiteite-(MnMnMn)Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.Ammoniotinsleyite(NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.DH.Bergbauerite(H2O)2Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10 · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.Dendoraite-(NH4)(NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2Mon. 2/m
8.DH.Rowleyite[Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6 · n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl]Iso.
8.DH.HochleitneriteMn2Ti3(PO4)4O2(H2O)2 · 14H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.Whiteite-(CaMnFe)CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
8.DH.05MinyuliteKAl2(PO4)2F · 4H2OOrth. mm2 : Pba2
8.DH.10LeucophosphiteKFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.10TinsleyiteKAl2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2OMon.
8.DH.10Spheniscidite(NH4,K)(Fe3+,Al)2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2OMon. 2/m
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(CaMnFe){Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(NaMnMn){Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(CaMnMg){Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(CaMnMn){Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Whiteite-(MnMnMg)MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(CaMnZn){Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(MnMnMg){Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(MnMnFe){Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15'Jahnsite-(CaFeFe)'{Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon.
8.DH.15Rittmannite{(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(NaMnMg){(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15'Jahnsite-(CaMgMg)'{Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(MnMnZn){Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Whiteite-(CaMgMg)CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Whiteite-(CaMnMg){Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
8.DH.15Whiteite-(MnFeMg){(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(MnMnMn){Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.15'Kaluginite'(Mn2+,Ca)MgFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2OOrth.
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(CaFeMg){Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Whiteite-(CaMnMn){Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.15Jahnsite-(NaFeMg){Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DH.20SegeleriteCa2 Mg2 Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pcca
8.DH.20Lun'okite(Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.20Manganosegelerite(Mn2+,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.20WilhelmvierlingiteCaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.20JuonniiteCaMgSc(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.20OveriteCaMgAl(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.25CalcioferriteCa4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DH.25ZodaciteCa4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2OMon.
8.DH.25FanfaniiteCa4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DH.25KingsmountiteCa3Mn2+FeAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DH.25MontgomeryiteCa4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2OMon. 2 : B2
8.DH.30PararobertsiteCa2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.30RobertsiteCa2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2OMon. m : Bb
8.DH.30ArseniosideriteCa2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DH.30Sailaufite(Ca,Na,◻)2Mn3+3(AsO4)2(CO3)O2 · 3H2OMon. m : Bm
8.DH.30MitridatiteCa2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DH.30KolfaniteCa2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2OMon.
8.DH.35MantienneiteKMg2Al2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.35Sperlingite (H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)] [(H2O)9(OH)] · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.35PaulkerriteK(Mg,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Al,Ti,Mg)2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2OMon. m
8.DH.35Hydroxylbenyacarite(H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.35MacraeiteK(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.35Benyacarite(H2O)2Mn2Ti2Fe3+(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
8.DH.35Fluormacraeite [(H2O)K]Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DH.40XanthoxeniteCa4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DH.45MahnertiteNaCu3(AsO4)2Cl · 5H2OTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
8.DH.50AndyrobertsiteKCdCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.DH.50CalcioandyrobertsiteKCaCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.DH.55EnglishiteK3Na2Ca10Al15(PO4)21(OH)7 · 26H2OMon. 2/m
8.DH.60BouazzeriteBi6(Mg,Co)11Fe3+14(AsO4)18(OH)4O12 · 86H2OMon. 2/m
8.DH.65GalliskiiteCa4Al2(PO4)2F8 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DH.70JoteiteCa2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DH.75KampeliteBa6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6 · 7H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
8.DH.80KapundaiteNaCaFe4(PO4)4(OH)3 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DH.85VaniniiteCa2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

References for Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Localities for Whiteite-(CaFeMg)Hide

Showing 13 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Spittal an der Drau District
      • Millstatt lake
Kolitsch et al. (2011) +2 other references
Brazil
 
  • Minas Gerais
    • Conselheiro Pena
      • Barra do Cuieté
Sergio Varvello collection
    • Galiléia
      • Laranjeiras
Cassedanne et al. (1981)
    • Itinga
Sergio Varvello collection
      • Taquaral
Moore et al. (1978)
Canada
 
  • Yukon
    • Dawson mining district
Pavel Kartashov Analysis
Robinson et al. (1992)
        • Kulan Camp (Area A; Area 1)
Capitelli et al. (2011)
Robinson et al. (1992)
Robinson et al. (1992)
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Tirschenreuth District
        • Erbendorf
          • Grötschenreuth
 ...
  • Thuringia
    • Greiz District
      • Kauern
Witzke et al. (1998)
Spain
 
  • Extremadura
    • Badajoz
      • Tres Arroyos
Garate-Olave et al. (2020)
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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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