Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Formula:
{Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Colour:
Brown, Brownish yellow
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
2.78
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1990 by Joel Denison Grice, Pete J. Dunn, and Robert A. Ramik in honor of Richard Henry Jahns (March 10, 1915 Los Angeles, California, USA - December 31, 1983 Palo Alto, California, USA), mineralogist and pegmatite expert, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. The suffix indicates metal site occupancies.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2068
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2068:4
Similar Names
| Jahnsite | A synonym of Jahnsite Subgroup | |
| Jahnsite-(CaFeFe) | Valid as an unnamed mineral | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe22+}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(CaMgMg) | Valid as an unnamed mineral | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe22+}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe22+}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn22+}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | A valid IMA mineral species | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | A valid IMA mineral species | {Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe23+}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Janosite | A synonym of Copiapite | |
| Jonesite | A valid IMA mineral species | Ba4(K,Na)2Ti4Al2(Si3O9)2(SiO4)4O2 · 6H2O |
Classification of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
IMA Classification of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaMn2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O
Approval year:
1987
8.DH.15
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
42.11.2.3
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.12.42
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Jah-CaMnMn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Jhn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, Brownish yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
{001}
{001}
Parting:
{001}
Density:
2.78 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.798 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.643 nβ = 1.659 nγ = 1.671
2V:
Measured: 80° to 81°, Calculated: 80°
Birefringence:
0.028
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Optical Extinction:
X^c = 20°, Z = b
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = pale yellow green, Y = brownish green, Z = yellow green
Chemistry of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Mindat Formula:
{Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| P2O5 | 34.46 % |
| SiO2 | 0.07 % |
| TiO2 | 0.15 % |
| Al2O3 | 0.97 % |
| Fe2O3 | 17.68 % |
| Feo | 5.30 % |
| MnO | 17.45 % |
| CaO | 4.54 % |
| MgO | 2.54 % |
| Total: | 83.16 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Palermo No. 1 Mine, Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire, USA | Microprobe. Low analytical total is due to presence of OH- and H2O |
Crystallography of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Setting:
P2/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.877(8) Å, b = 7.152(7) Å, c = 9.966(6) Å
β = 109.77(5)°
β = 109.77(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.08 : 1 : 1.393
Unit Cell V:
997.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Pa possible
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.40 Å | (100) |
| 5.74 Å | (20) |
| 5.02 Å | (20) |
| 4.971 Å | (20) |
| 3.532 Å | (20) |
| 2.870 Å | (80) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
Late stage phosphate mineralization in a granite pegmatite
Type Occurrence of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Late stage phosphate mineralization in a granite pegmatite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Other Language Names for Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Relationship of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Jahnsite Subgroup:
| 'Jahnsite-(CaFeFe)' | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. |
| Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 'Jahnsite-(CaMgMg)' | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | {Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | {Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 10 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 6 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 5 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Hureaulite | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 5 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 5 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 4 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 4 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Mitridatite | Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 4 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Matulaite | (Fe3+,Al)Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8 · 8H2O |
| 2 photos of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) associated with Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DH. | Thebaite-(NH4) | (NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O) |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(MnMnMn) | Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH. | Ammoniotinsleyite | (NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH. | Bergbauerite | (H2O)2Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH. | Dendoraite-(NH4) | (NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 8.DH. | Rowleyite | [Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6 · n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl] |
| 8.DH. | Hochleitnerite | Mn2Ti3(PO4)4O2(H2O)2 · 14H2O |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(CaMnFe) | CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.05 | Minyulite | KAl2(PO4)2F · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Tinsleyite | KAl2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Spheniscidite | (NH4,K)(Fe3+,Al)2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | {Na}{Mn2+}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnMnMg) | MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaFeFe)' | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Rittmannite | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Jahnsite-(CaMgMg)' | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Zn2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMgMg) | CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnFeMg) | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | 'Kaluginite' | (Mn2+,Ca)MgFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | {Na}{Fe3+}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Segelerite | Ca2 Mg2 Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Lun'okite | (Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Manganosegelerite | (Mn2+,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Wilhelmvierlingite | CaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Juonniite | CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Overite | CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Calcioferrite | Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Zodacite | Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Fanfaniite | Ca4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Kingsmountite | Ca3Mn2+FeAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Pararobertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Sailaufite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Mn3+3(AsO4)2(CO3)O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Mitridatite | Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Mantienneite | KMg2Al2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Sperlingite | (H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)] [(H2O)9(OH)] · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Paulkerrite | K(Mg,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Al,Ti,Mg)2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Hydroxylbenyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Macraeite | K(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Benyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2Ti2Fe3+(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Fluormacraeite | [(H2O)K]Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.40 | Xanthoxenite | Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.45 | Mahnertite | NaCu3(AsO4)2Cl · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Andyrobertsite | KCdCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Calcioandyrobertsite | KCaCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.55 | Englishite | K3Na2Ca10Al15(PO4)21(OH)7 · 26H2O |
| 8.DH.60 | Bouazzerite | Bi6(Mg,Co)11Fe3+14(AsO4)18(OH)4O12 · 86H2O |
| 8.DH.65 | Galliskiite | Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.70 | Joteite | Ca2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.75 | Kampelite | Ba6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.80 | Kapundaite | NaCaFe4(PO4)4(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.85 | Vaniniite | Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Not Fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2068.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Reference List:
Localities for Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
Showing 32 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
Brazil | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collectin |
France | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
Germany | |
| Habel (2006) |
| Grey et al. (2020) |
| Steffen Michalski collection - ex ... | |
Italy | |
| VIGNOLA et al. (2007) |
| Vignola P. et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
Poland | |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
Portugal | |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Sopas de Pedra |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Am. Min. (1990) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Vérez et al. (2024) |
USA | |
| |
| Falster et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Czaja (2025) |
| Kreinik (2022) |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +2 other references | |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News |
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Mangualde, Viseu, Portugal