Phosphosiderite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Phosphosiderite
Formula:
FePO4 · 2H2O
Colour:
Purple to reddish violet, rose-red, peachy-pink, brownish yellow, moss-green, colourless; rose to colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.74 - 2.76
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally found by Alfred Lewis Oliver Legrand Des Cloizeaux in 1858, but designated "type I hureaulite". Named in 1890 by Willy Bruhns and Karl Heinrich Emil Georg Busz for its composition, being a PHOSPHate, and from the Greek σίδηρος "SIDERos" for iron. Alfred LaCroix introduced vilateite in 1910, while Duncan McConnel described clinobarrandite in 1940. Metastrengite was named by Palache, Berman, and Frondel in 1951 as the original phosphosiderite was described as a orthorhombic mineral.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3187
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3187:1
IMA Classification of Phosphosiderite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe3+PO4·2H2O
First published:
1890
Classification of Phosphosiderite
8.CD.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
40.4.3.2
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
19.13.3
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Phsd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Phosphosiderite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Purple to reddish violet, rose-red, peachy-pink, brownish yellow, moss-green, colourless; rose to colourless in transmitted light.
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010}, good; on {001}, indistinct.
On {010}, good; on {001}, indistinct.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.74 - 2.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.72(1) g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Phosphosiderite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.692 - 1.703 nβ = 1.725 - 1.728 nγ = 1.738 - 1.739
2V:
Measured: 62° to 66°, Calculated: 62°
Birefringence:
0.046
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.036 - 0.046
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v, very strong
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; X ∧ c = ∼4°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = light rose; Y = carmine-red; Z = colourless.
Chemistry of Phosphosiderite
Mindat Formula:
FePO4 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Mn
Crystallography of Phosphosiderite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.329 Å, b = 9.798 Å, c = 8.712 Å
β = 90.51°
β = 90.51°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.544 : 1 : 0.889
Unit Cell V:
454.87 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals tabular {010} or stout prismatic [001]. Also occurs as botryoidal or reniform masses and crusts with a radial-fibrous structure.
Forms include {001}, {100}, {010}, {101}, {110}, {210}, {410}, {710}, {111}, {771}, {011}, {034}, {041}.
Forms include {001}, {100}, {010}, {101}, {110}, {210}, {410}, {710}, {111}, {771}, {011}, {034}, {041}.
Twinning:
On {101}, commonly as interpenetration twins.
Comment:
Space Group: P21/n.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012325 | Phosphosiderite | Taxer K, Bartl H (2004) On the dimorphy between the variscite and clinovariscite group: refined finestructural relationship of strengite and clinostrengite, Fe(PO4)*2H2O Crystal Research and Technology 39 1080-1088 | 2004 | Kreuzberg, Pleystein, Barvaria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000144 | Phosphosiderite | Moore P B (1966) The crystal structure of metastrengite and its relationship to strengite and phosphophyllite American Mineralogist 51 168-176 |  | 1966 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.532 Å | (15) |
| 4.912 Å | (35) |
| 4.689 Å | (100) |
| 4.573 Å | (20) |
| 4.363 Å | (75) |
| 4.271 Å | (1) |
| 4.118 Å | (20) |
| 3.983 Å | (3) |
| 3.610 Å | (50) |
| 3.341 Å | (10) |
| 3.202 Å | (3) |
| 2.787 Å | (85) |
| 2.666 Å | (5) |
| 2.647 Å | (4) |
| 2.572 Å | (40) |
| 2.541 Å | (7) |
| 2.461 Å | (7) |
| 2.342 Å | (8) |
| 2.283 Å | (3) |
| 2.256 Å | (10) |
| 2.227 Å | (5) |
| 2.180 Å | (3) |
| 2.155 Å | (3) |
| 2.127 Å | (10) |
| 2.068 Å | (4) |
| 2.013 Å | (25) |
| 2.007 Å | (20) |
| 1.9876 Å | (3b) |
| 1.9102 Å | (1) |
| 1.8390 Å | (3) |
| 1.8295 Å | (3) |
| 1.8157 Å | (6) |
| 1.7643 Å | (7) |
| 1.7373 Å | (2) |
| 1.7165 Å | (7) |
| 1.7108 Å | (6) |
| 1.6886 Å | (5) |
| 1.6699 Å | (16) |
| 1.6607 Å | (4) |
| 1.6378 Å | (5) |
| 1.6333 Å | (7) |
| 1.5995 Å | (1) |
| 1.5789 Å | (6) |
| 1.5635 Å | (4) |
| 1.5552 Å | (7) |
| 1.5364 Å | (5) |
| 1.5279 Å | (10) |
| 1.5036 Å | (5) |
| 1.4914 Å | (7) |
| 1.4379 Å | (4) |
Comments:
ICDD 33-666; See also 33-666a with 15 line to 1.1011 (2)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Alteration product of triphylite in granitic pegmatites, soils, replcement mineral in bones and shells.
Type Occurrence of Phosphosiderite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystalline aggregates. Crystals to 4 cm, but with a rough surface and stepped structure.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 108232 (holotype).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Alteration product of triphylite.
Synonyms of Phosphosiderite
Other Language Names for Phosphosiderite
Dutch:Phosphosideriet
Italian:Fosfosiderite
Portuguese:Fosfosiderite
Russian:Фосфосидерит
Меташтренгит
Меташтренгит
Simplified Chinese:斜红磷铁矿
Spanish:Fosfosiderita
Metastrengita
Metastrengita
Traditional Chinese:斜紅磷鐵礦
Varieties of Phosphosiderite
| Vilateite | Identity uncertain but apparently a manganese-bearing phosphosiderite. |
Relationship of Phosphosiderite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Metavariscite Group:
| Bonacinaite | Sc(AsO4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Kolbeckite | ScPO4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 150 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 89 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 46 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 41 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 40 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 38 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Hureaulite | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 36 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 34 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Frondelite | (Mn2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 28 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 27 photos of Phosphosiderite associated with Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CD. | Castellaroite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD. | Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Bonacinaite | Sc(AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Kolbeckite | ScPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.15 | Parascorodite | FeAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.20 | Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.25 | Sterlinghillite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.CD.30 | Rollandite | Cu3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.35 | Liversidgeite | Zn6(PO4)4 · 7H2O |
| 8.CD.40 | Thorasphite | Th2H(PO4,AsO4)3 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Becomes yellow and opaque when heated in a glass tube and gives off water without decrepitating.
Fuses easily to form a black magnetic ball.
Fuses easily to form a black magnetic ball.
Notes:
Totally soluble in HCl, nearly insoluble in HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Phosphosiderite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3187.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Phosphosiderite
Reference List:
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.477 - as Vilateite ?
Laubmann, H.; Steinmetz, H. (1915) Phosphatführende Pegmatite des Oberpfälzer und Bayerischen Waldes. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 55 (1-6). 523-586 doi:10.1524/zkri.1915.55.1.523
Müllbauer, F. (1924) Die Phosphatpegmatite von Hagendorf i. Bayern. (Neue Beobachtungen.) [The phosphate pegmatite of Hagendorf, Bavaria. (New observations.)]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie, 61 (1). 318-336 doi:10.1524/zkri.1924.61.1.318
McConnell, Duncan (1940) Clinobarrandite and the isodimorphous series, variscite-metavariscite. American Mineralogist, 25 (11) 719-725 (as clinobarrandite)
Moore, Paul B. (1966) The crystal structure of metastrengite and its relationship to strengite and phosphophyllite. American Mineralogist, 51 (1-2) 168-176
IMA (1967) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (277) 131-136 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Frost, Ray L., Weier, Matt L., Erickson, Kristy L., Carmody, Onuma, Mills, Stuart J. (2004) Raman spectroscopy of phosphates of the variscite mineral group. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 35 (12). 1047-1055 doi:10.1002/jrs.1251
Taxer, K., Bartl, H. (2004) On the dimorphy between the variscite and clinovariscite group: refined finestructural relationship of strengite and clinostrengite, Fe(PO4) . 2H2O. Crystal Research and Technology, 39 (12) 1080-1088 doi:10.1002/crat.200410293
Roncal-Herrero, Teresa; Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Benning, Liane G.; Oelkers, Eric H. (2009) Precipitation of Iron and Aluminum Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200 °C. Crystal Growth & Design, 9 (12). p.5197-5205. doi:10.1021/cg900654m
Localities for Phosphosiderite
Showing 253 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Kampf et al. (2010) |
| Biglia et al. (2021) |
| Dina (1993) |
| American Mineralogist (1978) +2 other references | |
| GALLISKI (1983) +1 other reference |
| Galliski et al. (2002) | |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
Australia | |
| Cédrick Gineste Collection |
| Rod Martin Collection inferred from ... |
| Francis (2010) |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Brian Beyer via John Toma (IDs at SA Museum?) +1 other reference |
| Brugger et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Elliott et al. (2023) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch (2018) |
| Eagle et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Eagle et al. (2015) | |
| |
Austria | |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) +1 other reference |
| Postl W et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +6 other references |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) +5 other references |
| perso.infonie.be (2004) |
| Van Tassel (1985) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Joy Desor analyses by EDS and Raman |
Brazil | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| sergio varvello | |
| Baijot et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Scholz et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Atencio et al. (2004) | |
| King et al. (1993) | |
| Jhonatan Gomes minerals collection |
| Menezes Filho et al. (2019) | |
| A. M. I. Martins collection | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| Atencio et al. (2004) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Atencio et al. (2006) |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Piló et al. (2023) | |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Figueira et al. (2019) | |
| Murdoch (1955) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1991) |
| Amores et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Coelho et al. (2025) |
Cameroon | |
| F. Pillard : "Contribution à l'étude de l'altération de la vivianite : cas de la vivianite d'Anloua (Cameroun) |
Canada | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| 150-152. +2 other references | |
Chile | |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Numerous collections (gem material) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Aiping Shi and Lili Yu (2012) |
Colombia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Černý et al. (Weisser Stein) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) | |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Vrtiška et al. (2019) |
| Č +4 other references |
| Janouš (1995) +4 other references |
| Vrtiška et al. (2017) |
| new data on the type material. Journal of GEOsciences: 45 (1-2) +3 other references |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) | |
| FONTAN F (1976) |
| Boisson (1988) |
| Limoges University | |
| Seaman (1976) |
| [var: Vilateite] Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Chatenet et al. (2008) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
Georgia | |
| Chervyatsova et al. (2024) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Fehr et al. (1985) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| web.archive.org (2001) | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| DILL et al. (2009) | |
| Klaus Arnold Collection. Identified by ... |
| Blaß (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species ... +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Vrtiška et al. (2025) |
Hungary | |
| HOM Database |
| collector: Péter Gál |
Ireland | |
| Steiger et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Shahar et al. (1989) |
Italy | |
| luigi chiappino specimen +1 other reference |
| Caboni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| De Michele (1974) +2 other references |
| Vignola et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| S. Matsubara (2000) |
| SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2012) |
| Sakurai (1986) |
Liberia | |
| Axelrod et al. (1952) |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| [var: Vilateite] Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
Mongolia | |
| Dostal et al. (2023) |
Morocco | |
| Fransolet et al. (1987) |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Favreau (2012) | |
| Audra et al. (2021) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD of colourless, blocky crystals) +1 other reference | |
| Förch (1998) |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Stott (pers. notes) |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Identified by C. Rewitzer |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| 4 +4 other references |
| Neves (1960) |
| Dunn et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Nunes (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| sergio varvello | |
| Rui Nunes 29th May |
| Rui Nunes 2010 +1 other reference |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Correia Neves (1966) |
Russia | |
| Rychagov et al. (2017, November) |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data |
| Richard Bayerl collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch, EDS-analysed by Joachim Gröbner) |
Rwanda | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 1176 |
| Gallagher et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (1998) |
| Camprubí et al. (4) |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals (2022) | |
| Bosch +6 other references | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Gonzalez del Tánago (1985) |
| Calvo et al. (2011) |
| Vérez et al. (2024) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Switzerland | |
| Weiß (1989) +1 other reference |
Tajikistan | |
| |
UK | |
| Sparrow (1989) +1 other reference |
| Livingstone (1980) +2 other references |
USA | |
| Hollabaugh et al. (1989) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 70 (5) | |
| Leavens (1967) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 64: 297. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:297-298. |
| Dunning (1987) |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Field collected by Mark Mauthner | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Simmons et al. (1984) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Thompson et al. (2000) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Falster et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (6) +1 other reference | |
| Self collected by Paul Gilmore. |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens |
| Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Bernstein (1976) |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2015 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Smith (2005) |
| Hurlbut (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references | |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| Smith (2005) | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Henderson (1980) |
| Locality description: "[...] all the ... | |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| J. Marty (1995) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Kearns et al. (2004) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Found on a specimen from the George ... |
| Hawley (1934) |
Mars | |
| Treiman et al. (2023) |
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Bull Moose Mine, Custer, Custer Mining District, Custer County, South Dakota, USA