Strengite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Strengite
Johann August Streng
Formula:
FePO4 · 2H2O
Colour:
Purple, violet, pink, peach-blossom-red, carmine, greenish white, colorless; Colourless to pale pink in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.84 - 2.87
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named after Johann August Streng (4 February 1830, Frankfurt, Germany - 7 January 1897, Giessen, Germany), Professor of Mineralogy, University of Giessen, Germany. Streng was an assistant to Robert Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg and later professor of chemistry at the Clausthal Mining Academy. Streng was an innovator in new methods of chemical titration.
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3801
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3801:6
Similar Names
| Staringite | A discredited species name | (Fe,Mn)x(Ta,Nb)2xSn6-3xO12 |
| Strongite | A synonym of Spinel |
IMA Classification of Strengite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe3+PO4·2H2O
Classification of Strengite
8.CD.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
40.4.1.2
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
19.13.2
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Stg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Stg | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Strengite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Purple, violet, pink, peach-blossom-red, carmine, greenish white, colorless; Colourless to pale pink in transmitted light.
Comment:
Usually lght pink
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {010}, poor on {001}
Good on {010}, poor on {001}
Density:
2.84 - 2.87 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.84 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Strengite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.697 - 1.708 nβ = 1.708 - 1.719 nγ = 1.741 - 1.745
2V:
Calculated: 72° to 88°
Birefringence:
0.044
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.037 - 0.044
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
relatively strong r < v
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Strengite
Mindat Formula:
FePO4 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al
Crystallography of Strengite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbca
Setting:
Pbca
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.7233(7) Å, b = 9.886(1) Å, c = 10.122(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.882 : 1 : 1.024
Unit Cell V:
872.91 ų
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals rarely octahedral {111}; usually thick to thin tabular {001}; also stout prismatic [100] or [010]. May be lathlike, radial fibrous, botyroidal or spherical aggregates and crusts.
Twinning:
Rarely on {201}
Crystallographic forms of Strengite
Crystal Atlas:
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Strengite no.1 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Strengite no.3 - {210} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012324 | Strengite | Taxer K, Bartl H (2004) On the dimorphy between the variscite and clinovariscite group: refined finestructural relationship of strengite and clinostrengite, Fe(PO4)*2H2O Crystal Research and Technology 39 1080-1088 | 2004 | Kreuzberg, Pleystein, Barvaria | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.509 Å | (60) |
| 4.383 Å | (85) |
| 3.996 Å | (45) |
| 3.114 Å | (100) |
| 3.002 Å | (45) |
| 2.949 Å | (45) |
| 2.546 Å | (50) |
Comments:
ICDD 33-667
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral formed under surface or near-surface conditions by the alteration of iron-bearing phosphates, such as Triphylite in pegmatite, or Dufrenite, or may occur in limonite ore deposits and gossans, magnetite iron ores, late-stage mineralization in granite pegmatites, or rarely as a cave mineral.
Type Occurrence of Strengite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Phosphate-bearing iron ore deposit
Other Language Names for Strengite
Varieties of Strengite
| Aluminium-bearing Strengite | Contains Al in substitution for Fe(III). |
Relationship of Strengite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Variscite Group:
| Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca |
| Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca |
| Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 326 photos of Strengite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 262 photos of Strengite associated with Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 219 photos of Strengite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 217 photos of Strengite associated with Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 · 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
| 150 photos of Strengite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 65 photos of Strengite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 58 photos of Strengite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 56 photos of Strengite associated with Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 56 photos of Strengite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 54 photos of Strengite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CD. | Castellaroite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD. | Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Bonacinaite | Sc(AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Kolbeckite | ScPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.15 | Parascorodite | FeAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.20 | Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.25 | Sterlinghillite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.CD.30 | Rollandite | Cu3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.35 | Liversidgeite | Zn6(PO4)4 · 7H2O |
| 8.CD.40 | Thorasphite | Th2H(PO4,AsO4)3 · 6H2O |
Fluorescence of Strengite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl but not in HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Strengite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3801.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Strengite
Reference List:
Nies (1877) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: 8-16.
Laubmann, H.; Steinmetz, H. (1915) Phosphatführende Pegmatite des Oberpfälzer und Bayerischen Waldes. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 55 (1-6). 523-586 doi:10.1524/zkri.1915.55.1.523Pp. 542-546
McConnell, Duncan (1940) Clinobarrandite and the isodimorphous series, variscite-metavariscite. American Mineralogist, 25 (11) 719-725
Takashima, Yoshimasa; Maeda, Yonezo (1969) The Mössbauer effect in mixed crystals of Fe(P,As)O4 · 2H2O and (Fe,Al)PO4 · 2H2O. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 31 (5). 1337-1343 doi:10.1016/0022-1902(69)80245-9
Nathan, Y., Panczer, G., Gross, S. (1988) The thermal analysis of some phosphate minerals: strengite, lipscombite, cyrilovite and goyazite. Thermochimica Acta, 135. 259-266 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(88)87395-7
Song, Yanning, Zavalij, Peter Y., Suzuki, Masatsugu, Whittingham, M. Stanley (2002) New Iron(III) Phosphate Phases: Crystal Structure and Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties. Inorganic Chemistry, 41 (22) 5778-5786 doi:10.1021/ic025688q
Taxer, K., Bartl, H. (2004) On the dimorphy between the variscite and clinovariscite group: refined finestructural relationship of strengite and clinostrengite, Fe(PO4) . 2H2O. Crystal Research and Technology, 39 (12) 1080-1088 doi:10.1002/crat.200410293
Roncal-Herrero, Teresa; Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Benning, Liane G.; Oelkers, Eric H. (2009) Precipitation of Iron and Aluminum Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200 °C. Crystal Growth & Design, 9 (12). p.5197-5205. doi:10.1021/cg900654m
Gomez, Mario A., Le Berre, Jean-Francois, Assaaoudi, Hassane, Demopoulos, George P. (2011) Raman spectroscopic study of the hydrogen and arsenate bonding environment in isostructural synthetic arsenates of the variscite group-M3+AsO4·2H2O (M3+ = Fe, Al, In and Ga): implications for arsenic release in water. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 42 (1). 62-71 doi:10.1002/jrs.2639
Kloprogge, J. Theo, Wood, Barry J. (2017) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Raman microscopic investigation of the variscite group minerals: Variscite, strengite, scorodite and mansfieldite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 185. 163-172 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.042
Kolitsch, Uwe, Weil, Matthias, Kovrugin, Vadim M., Krivovichev, Sergey V. (2020) Crystal chemistry of the variscite and metavariscite groups: Crystal structures of synthetic CrAsO4⋅2H2O, TlPO4⋅2H2O, MnSeO4⋅2H2O, CdSeO4⋅2H2O and natural bonacinaite, ScAsO4⋅2H2O. Mineralogical Magazine, 84 (4) 568-583 doi:10.1180/mgm.2020.57
Localities for Strengite
Showing 344 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Kampf et al. (2010) |
| Dina (1993) |
| Demartin et al. (1997) | |
| Gay et al. (1991) |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Day (1998) | |
| Rod Martin Collection inferred from ... |
| |
| Francis (2010) |
| Francis (2010) | |
| Frost et al. (2004) |
| - (1997, December) |
| Elliott et al. (2023) |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| - (1997, December) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill & Baker |
| Birch (2018) |
| Eagle et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Eagle et al. (2015) | |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| |
| Day (1996) |
| |
| Nickel (2008) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| Bernhard (2010) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl W et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +7 other references |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) +4 other references |
| José Dehove collection. |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Bermanec et al. (2011) |
| sergio varvello | |
| Krister collection | |
| Sergio Varvello collection +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1993) | |
| Jhonatan Gomes minerals collection |
| fabreminerals specimen | |
| A. M. I. Martins collection | |
| Atencio et al. (2004) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Piló et al. (2023) | |
| Premoli et al. (1981) |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Figueira et al. (2019) | |
| Coelho et al. (2025) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Cameroon | |
| F. Pillard : "Contribution à l'étude de l'altération de la vivianite : cas de la vivianite d'Anloua (Cameroun) |
Canada | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) | |
Chile | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| Raman spectroscopy and EDX by Günter ... |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
| Teck Resources Limited |
Colombia | |
| McConnell (1943) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš +4 other references |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Černý P. et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Duda |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Černý P (1) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Weber |
| Janouš (1995) +4 other references |
| Welser |
| Pauliš et al. (2020) |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Vrtiška et al. (2017) |
| new data on the type material. Journal of GEOsciences: 45 (1-2) +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Mbo et al. (2023) |
| De Putter et al. (2018) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| [var: Aluminium-bearing Strengite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026) | |
| |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2005) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Boisson (1988) +1 other reference | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) | |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Gineste et al. (2026) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Georgia | |
| Chervyatsova et al. (2024) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Geipel (1982) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2012) | |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (2010) +3 other references |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) | |
| Dill et al. (2015) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| |
| DILL et al. (2009) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Dana 6:823. | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Dana 6: 797 +1 other reference |
| Müller et al. (2012) |
| Blaß (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Legner et al. (2011) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (4) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (1997) |
| Pestel et al. (2012) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) | |
Hungary | |
| collector: Regina Körmendy |
Iran | |
| Daliran (2008) |
Israel | |
| Shahar et al. (1989) |
Italy | |
| Balenzano et al. (1974) |
| collected by F. Castellaro and probed ... |
| Marco Ciriotti 2010 |
| Gianluca Armellino et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Senesi (2000) |
Japan | |
| pers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe |
| MORIMITSU et al. (2021) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Liberia | |
| Axelrod et al. (1952) |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Malaysia | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bridge et al. (1983) |
Mali | |
| Cedrick Gineste |
Mexico | |
| Michael Shannon specimens |
Morocco | |
| Walenta (1981) |
| Audra et al. (2021) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller (1985) | |
Portugal | |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
| |
| various correctly added photos |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Neiva et al. (2001) |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... | |
| Analyzed SEM-EDS by Pedro Alves |
| [var: Aluminium-bearing Strengite] |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pedro Alves collection (p-XRD and SEM EDS analysed samples) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| Neiva et al. (2001) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes 2010 |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| self-find |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Rychagov et al. (2017, November) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) |
| Gamyanin et al. (2014) |
Rwanda | |
| von Knorring et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa | |
Senegal | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Martini (1997) |
| Martini et al. (1998) |
| Martini et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Von Backstroem (1973) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1940) |
Spain | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2026) |
| Sáinz de Baranda et al. (2004) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Christian Rewitzer collection |
| Moro et al. (1995) |
| F. Costa et al. |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Bareche (2005) | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| |
| Calvo et al. (2011) |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Vérez et al. (2024) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bjällerud (1989) +2 other references |
Tajikistan | |
| |
UK | |
| Craik-Smith (2000) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
Uruguay | |
| Eckel et al. (1953) |
USA | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1995) | |
| Henry Barwood |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:203. +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| chris bryant +1 other reference |
| Dunn et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1952) |
| Jahns (1952) | |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:297-298. |
| Am Min 51:1811-1814 | |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Hulin (1930) +3 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Zach Berghorst Collection |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| Seaman (1976) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 70:398 |
| Denicourt +1 other reference |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:185 +1 other reference |
| Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) |
| Barwood (1999) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:203. |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp161-165 | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Simmons et al. (1984) |
| www. Rogers Minerals.com | |
| Falster et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Found during ongoing study of Ryerson ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Excalibur Mineral Company specimen |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... +1 other reference |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... |
| Pullman et al. (1999) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2015 |
| [var: Aluminium-bearing Strengite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| MinRec 16 (1) |
| Jensen et al. (2001) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Hurlbut (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Smith (2005) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| Henderson (1980) |
| Locality description: "[...] all the ... | |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| B.A. Collection | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Montgomery (1969) |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Peacor (1969) +1 other reference |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. +1 other reference |
| Julius Weber collection |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Peacor et al. (1984) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Lehnert (1971) |
| Paris (2011) |
| J. Marty (1995) |
| Kearns et al. (2000) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Watson (1907) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 57: 20 +2 other references |
Zimbabwe | |
| Gallagher (1967) |
Mars | |
| Treiman et al. (2023) |
| Lane et al. (2008) |
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Miguel Vacas Mine, Nossa Senhora da Conceição e São Bartolomeu, Vila Viçosa, Évora, Portugal