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Helmand, Afghanistan i
Regional Level Types
Helmand Province
Afghanistan Country

Regional Level Types
Helmand	Province
Afghanistan	Country

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Predictive Mineralogy

Helmand Districts Map

Helmand, Afghanistan

Aragonite

Helmand, Afghanistan

Azurite, etc.

Helmand, Afghanistan

Helmand Districts Map

Helmand, Afghanistan

Aragonite

Helmand, Afghanistan

Azurite, etc.

Helmand, Afghanistan

Helmand Districts Map

Helmand, Afghanistan

Aragonite

Helmand, Afghanistan

Neighbouring regions:

Balochistan, Pakistan

Kandahar, Afghanistan

Urozgan, Afghanistan

Farah, Afghanistan

Ghor, Afghanistan

Daykundi, Afghanistan

Nimruz, Afghanistan

Type:

Province

Largest Settlements:

Place	Population
Lashkar Gāh	43,934 (2018)
Gereshk	43,588 (2018)
Sangīn	13,579 (2018)
‘Alāqahdārī Dīshū	9,196 (2018)
Markaz-e Ḩukūmat-e Darwēshān	9,012 (2018)

Mindat Locality ID:

30777

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:30777:5

GUID (UUID V4):

Other/historical names associated with this locality:

Hilmend; Hilmand

Other Languages:

View 63 more...

Farsi/Persian:

ولایت هلمند, افغانستان

French:

Helmand, Afghanistan

German:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Italian:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Pashto:

هلمند ولايت, افغانستان

Russian:

Гильменд, Афганистан

Simplified Chinese:

赫尔曼德省, 阿富汗

Spanish:

Provincia de Helmand, Afganistán

Arabic:

ولاية هلمند, أفغانستان

Armenian:

Հիլմենդ, Աֆղանստան

Asturian:

Helmand, Afganistán

Azeri:

Hilmənd vilayəti, Əfqanıstan

Basque:

Helmand probintzia, Afganistan

Belarusian:

Гільменд, Афганістан

Belarusian (Tarashkevitsa):

Гільменд, Аўганістан

Bengali:

হেলমান্দ প্রদেশ, আফগানিস্তান

Bulgarian:

Хелманд, Афганистан

Catalan:

Província de Helmand, Afganistan

Cebuano:

Helmand, Apganistan

Central Kurdish/Sorani:

پارێزگای ھێلمەند, ئەفغانستان

Czech:

Hilmand, Afghánistán

Danish:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Dutch:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Esperanto:

Provinco Helmand, Afganio

Estonian:

Helmandi provints, Afganistan

Finnish:

Helmandin maakunta, Afganistan

Georgian:

ჰელმანდის პროვინცია, ავღანეთი

Greek:

Χελμάντ, Αφγανιστάν

Gujarati:

હેલ્મંડ, અફઘાનિસ્તાન

Hebrew:

מחוז הלמן, אפגניסטן

Hindi:

हेलमंद प्रान्त, अफ़ग़ानिस्तान

Hungarian:

Helmand tartomány, Afganisztán

Indonesian:

Provinsi Helmand, Afganistan

Japanese:

ヘルマンド州, アフガニスタン

Kannada:

ಹೆಲ್ಮಾಂಡ್, ಅಫ್ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನ

Korean:

헬만드 주, 아프가니스탄

Latvian:

Helmandas province, Afganistāna

Lithuanian:

Helmando provincija, Afganistanas

Luri:

آستوٙن ھئلمأند, ٱفغانستان

Malay:

Wilayah Helmand, Afghanistan

Marathi:

हेलमंड, अफगाणिस्तान

Minnan / Hokkien-Taiwanese:

Helmand Séng, Afghanistan

Mongolian:

Хильменд аймаг, Афганистан

Newar / Nepal Bhasa:

हलमनद प्रान्त, अफगानिस्तान

Norwegian:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Ossetian:

Гильменд , Афгъанистан

Polish:

Helmand, Afganistan

Portuguese:

Helmand, Afeganistão

Punjabi:

ਹੇਲਮੰਦ ਸੂਬਾ, ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ

Romanian:

Provincia Helmand, Afganistan

Scots:

Helmand Province, Afghanistan

Serbian:

Провинција Хелманд, Авганистан

Sinhalese:

හෙල්මන්ඩ්, ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය

South Azerbaijani:

هلمند ویلایت, افغانیستان

Sundanese:

Propinsi Helmand, Apganistan

Swedish:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Tagalog:

Lalawigan ng Helmand, Afghanistan

Tajik (Cyrillic Script):

Вилояти Ҳелманд, Афғонистон

Tamil:

ஹெல்மண்டு மாகாணம், ஆப்கானித்தான்

Telugu:

హెల్మండ్, ఆఫ్ఘనిస్తాన్

Thai:

เฮลซ์แมนด์, ประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน

Traditional Chinese:

赫爾曼德省, 阿富汗

Turkish:

Helmend, Afganistan

Ukrainian:

Гільменд, Афганістан

Urdu:

صوبہ ہلمند, افغانستان

Uyghur:

ھەلمەند ۋىلايىتى, ئافغانىستان

Vietnamese:

Helmand, Afghanistan

Waray:

Helmand, Afganistan

Welsh:

Helmand, Affganistan

Western Punjabi:

صوبہ ہلمند, افغانستان

Zazaki:

Hılmend, Efğanıstan

Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند), also known as Hillmand or Helman and, in ancient times, as Hermand and Hethumand, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering 58,584 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) area. The province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages. Lashkargah serves as the provincial capital.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.

ⓘ Mineral specimens

ⓘ Rare Earths

ⓘ Uranium

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

ⓘ var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

ⓘ Khanneshite (TL)

ⓘ 'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'

ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite

ⓘ 'Ursilite'

ⓘ Zircon

42 valid minerals. 1 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine

Formula: NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Alkali amphibole'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)

Formula: CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Tucker, R. D.; Belkin, H. E.; Schulz, K. J.; Peters, S. G.; Horton, F.; Buttleman, K.; Scott, E. R. (2012) A major light rare-earth element (LREE) resource in the Khanneshin carbonatite complex, southern Afghanistan. Economic Geology, 107 (2). p.197-208. doi:10.2113/econgeo.107.2.197

ⓘ Anhydrite

Formula: CaSO₄

Locality: Malik Dukan Mine, Dishu District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃A

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Aragonite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Arfvedsonite

Formula: NaNa₂(Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Azurite

Formula: Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂

Localities:

Unnamed Zn occurrence [1], Baghran District, Helmand, Afghanistan
Imam Rabat aragonite/azurite occurrence, Nawzad District, Helmand, Afghanistan

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324

Belovitskaya, Yulia V., Pekov, Igor V. (2004) Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group. New Data on Minerals, 39. 50-64

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'

Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F

Localities:

Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(CO₃)F

Localities:

Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Boracite

Formula: Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Burbankite

Formula: (Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)

Formula: (Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324

Belovitskaya, Yulia V., Pekov, Igor V. (2004) Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group. New Data on Minerals, 39. 50-64

ⓘ Carbocernaite

Formula: (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324

Belovitskaya, Yulia V., Pekov, Igor V. (2004) Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group. New Data on Minerals, 39. 50-64

ⓘ Celestine

Formula: SrSO₄

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324

Belovitskaya, Yulia V., Pekov, Igor V. (2004) Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group. New Data on Minerals, 39. 50-64

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324

Belovitskaya, Yulia V., Pekov, Igor V. (2004) Genetic mineralogy of the burbankite group. New Data on Minerals, 39. 50-64

ⓘ 'Feldspathoid'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Locality: South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Khanneshite (TL)

Formula: (Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅

Localities:

Type Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

Description: In fine-grained carbonatite.

ⓘ Leucite

Formula: K(AlSi₂O₆)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Locality: Unnamed Zn occurrence [1], Baghran District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Malachite

Formula: Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂

Locality: Unnamed Zn occurrence [1], Baghran District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Manganosite

Formula: MnO

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ 'Mckelveyite'

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Yeremenko, G.K., and Bel’ko, V.A. (1982): Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 111, 321–324, New Data on Minerals (2004): 39: 50-64

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(PO₄)

Localities:

ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

Locality: South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Basleng pegmatite field, Baghran District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)

Formula: CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

Localities:

South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)

Locality: South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Pyrolusite

Formula: Mn⁴⁺O₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities:

Basleng pegmatite field, Baghran District, Helmand, Afghanistan
Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
Zardag, Dishu District, Helmand, Afghanistan

ⓘ Quartz var. Onyx

Formula: SiO₂

Locality: Zardag, Dishu District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Woolley, Alan R. (2019) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. Part 4: Antarctica, Asia and Europe (excluding the former USSR), Australasia and Oceanic Islands. The Geological Society of London. doi:10.1144/mpar4

ⓘ Rhodochrosite

Formula: MnCO₃

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Sanidine

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ Siderite

Formula: FeCO₃

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Strontianite

Formula: SrCO₃

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ 'Synchysite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)

Formula: CaCe(CO₃)₂F

Localities:

ⓘ Tainiolite

Formula: KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

ⓘ 'Ursilite'

Formula: (Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O

Locality: South Khanneshin U-Th-REE occurrence, Khanneshin complex, Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Orris, G.J., Bliss, J.D. (2002) Mine and mineral occurrences of Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2002-110. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02110

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Locality: Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

References:

Vikhter, B.Ya., Yeremenko, G.K., Chmyrev, V.M. (1976) A young volcanogenic carbonatite complex in Afghanistan. International Geology Review, 18 (11) 1305-1312 doi:10.1080/00206817609471346

Mars, John C., Rowan, Lawrence C. (2011) ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan. Geosphere, 7. 276-289 doi:10.1130/ges00630.1

Gallery:

Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂ⓘ Azurite

Azurite, etc.

Helmand, Afghanistan

Azurite, etc.

Helmand, Afghanistan

Azurite, etc.

Helmand, Afghanistan

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'	4.00.	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
ⓘ	Manganosite	4.AB.25	MnO
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Quartz var. Onyx	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ		4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Pyrolusite	4.DB.05	Mn⁴⁺O₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Rhodochrosite	5.AB.05	MnCO₃
ⓘ	Siderite	5.AB.05	FeCO₃
ⓘ	Ankerite	5.AB.10	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	5.AB.10	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Aragonite	5.AB.15	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Strontianite	5.AB.15	SrCO₃
ⓘ	Carbocernaite	5.AB.50	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Burbankite	5.AC.30	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
ⓘ	Khanneshite (TL)	5.AC.30	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
ⓘ	Azurite	5.BA.05	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Malachite	5.BA.10	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Bastnäsite-(Ce)	5.BD.20a	Ce(CO₃)F
ⓘ	Parisite-(Ce)	5.BD.20b	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
ⓘ	Synchysite-(Ce)	5.BD.20c	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
ⓘ	Calkinsite-(Ce)	5.CC.25	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
ⓘ	Ancylite-(Ce)	5.DC.05	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
Group 6 - Borates
ⓘ	Boracite	6.GA.05	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Anhydrite	7.AD.30	CaSO₄
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
ⓘ	Celestine	7.AD.35	SrSO₄
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Monazite-(Ce)	8.AD.50	Ce(PO₄)
ⓘ	Fluorapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	'Ursilite'	9..	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Arfvedsonite	9.DE.25	NaNa₂(Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Muscovite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Tainiolite	9.EC.15	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
ⓘ	Phlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Tetraferriphlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Sanidine	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Leucite	9.GB.05	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Bastnäsite'	-	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Mckelveyite'	-
ⓘ	'Monazite Group'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'Synchysite'	-	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
ⓘ	'Feldspathoid'	-
ⓘ	'Alkali amphibole'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
H	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	NaNa₂(Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
H	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
Li	Lithium
Li	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
C	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
C	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
C	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
C	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
C	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
C	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
C	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
C	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
C	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
O	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
O	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	NaNa₂(Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
O	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
O	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
O	ⓘ Manganosite	MnO
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Onyx	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
O	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
O	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
O	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
O	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
O	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
O	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
F	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
F	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
F	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
F	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	NaNa₂(Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
Na	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
Na	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
Mg	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	NaNa₂(Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Onyx	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
P	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
Ca	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
Ca	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ca	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
Ca	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ca	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Manganosite	MnO
Mn	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
Mn	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
Mn	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	NaNa₂(Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
Fe	ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Ankerite var. Manganese-bearing Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mn,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
Cu	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
Sr	Strontium
Sr	ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
Sr	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
Sr	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
Sr	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
Sr	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
Sr	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
Ba	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
Ba	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
Ba	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
La	Lanthanum
La	ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)	CeSr(CO₃)₂(OH) · H₂O
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Burbankite	(Na,Ca)₃(Sr,Ba,Ce)₃(CO₃)₅
Ce	ⓘ Calkinsite-(Ce)	(Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃ · 4H₂O
Ce	ⓘ Carbocernaite	(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO₃)₂
Ce	ⓘ Khanneshite	(Na,Ca)₃(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)₃(CO₃)₅
Ce	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
Ce	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ce	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
Ce	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Nd	Neodymium
Nd	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Ce)₂(Nb,Ti,Ta)₂O₆(OH,F)
U	ⓘ Ursilite	(Mg/Ca)₄(UO₂)₄(Si₂O₅)_5.5(OH)₅ · 13H₂O

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Cenozoic : 5.332 Ma to 0 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic Time

Rocks, Minerals and Events

ⓘ Søvite (youngest age)	1.8 Ma	Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
ⓘ Andesite	Pleistocene (0.01143 - 2.588 Ma)	Zardag, Dishu District, Helmand, Afghanistan

Neogene

Pliocene

ⓘ Søvite (oldest age)	2.6 Ma	Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan
ⓘ Carbonatite (oldest age)	Pliocene (0 - 5.332 Ma)	Central Khanneshin deposit, Khanneshin complex (Khanneshin carbonatite complex), Reg District, Helmand, Afghanistan

Fossils

There are 6 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

299 Ma (Carboniferous)

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Verbeekiella genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Verbeekiellidae : *Verbeekiella*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Puffinus lherminieri species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae : Puffinus : *Puffinus lherminieri*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Malaclemys terrapin species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Emydidae : Malaclemys : *Malaclemys terrapin*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Protomichelinia guizhouensis species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Micheliniidae : Protomichelinia : *Protomichelinia guizhouensis*	272.3 - 268.8 Ma Permian
Multithecopora dendroidea species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Auloporida : Multithecoporidae : Multithecopora : *Multithecopora dendroidea*	272.3 - 268.8 Ma Permian
Pterodroma cahow species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae : Pterodroma : *Pterodroma cahow*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary

Fossil Localities

Click to show 3 fossil localities

Afghanistan

Helmand
- Quaternary🐚 Paynter's Hills Caves
- Baghran District
  - Permian🐚 Bashlang Settlement
  - Paleozoic🐚 Late Permian Abtchakan

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province
Wikidata ID:	Q173821
GeoNames ID:	1140043

Localities in this Region

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AsiaContinent

Hindukush Himalayan RegionGroup of Mountain Ranges

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

Indian Plate

Central Afgan RangesOrogenic Belt
Central Afghan BasinOrogenic Belt
Makran-Chagai-Raskoh ArcVolcanic Arc

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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Helmand, Afghanistan i
Regional Level Types
Helmand Province
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