Bastnäsite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Formula:
Ce(CO3)F
Colour:
Yellow, reddish-brown; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.9 - 5.2
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
For the type locality at the Bastnäs mines, Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg, Västmanland, Sweden, plus the "-(Ce)" suffix due to the dominance of cerium in the composition.
Cerium analogue of Bastnäsite-(La) and Bastnäsite-(Y).
Fluorine analogue of Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce).
Bastnäsite-(Ce)-Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Series.
The most common member of the bastnäsite group.
May be intergrown with synchysite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths).
Bastnäsites form a polysomatic series with synchysites.
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Fluorine analogue of Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce).
Bastnäsite-(Ce)-Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Series.
The most common member of the bastnäsite group.
May be intergrown with synchysite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths).
Bastnäsites form a polysomatic series with synchysites.
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Name Encoding
ASCII-7:
Bastnasite-(Ce)
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
560
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:560:3
Similar Names
| Bastnäsite | A group of related mineral species | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| Bastnäsite-(Ce)-Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Bastnäsite-(La) | A valid IMA mineral species | La(CO3)F |
| Bastnäsite-(Nd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Nd(CO3)F |
| Bastnäsite-(Y) | A valid IMA mineral species | Y(CO3)F |
IMA Classification of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ce3+CO3F
Classification of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
5.BD.20a
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
16a.1.1.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
12.1.8
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bsn-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bsn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on basal partings
Colour:
Yellow, reddish-brown; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {1010}.
On {1010}.
Parting:
On {0001} distinct to perfect of secondary origin).
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.9 - 5.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.12 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.717 - 1.722 nε = 1.818 - 1.823
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.101
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Faintly pleochroic with absorption E is greater than O.
Chemistry of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
Ce(CO3)F
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Ce2O3 | 39.95 % |
| Other oxydes of REE | 30.55 % |
| F | 7.80 % |
| CaO | 0.85 % |
| CO2 | 19.20 % |
| Total: | 98.35 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Andakatany Deposit, Andakatany, Manandriana District, Amoron'i Mania, Madagascar | Wet chemical analysis by P. Ruf |
Crystallography of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6m2 - Ditrigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P6c2
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.118(1) Å, c = 9.762(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.371
Unit Cell V:
428.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Crystals tabular {0001}, usually with {1010} alone. Crystals normally deeply grooved horizontally due to oscillatory combination of {1011} and {1010}. Large anhedral masses; granular.
Epitaxial Relationships of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Epitaxial Minerals:
Epitaxy Comments:
Bastnäsite forms oriented overgrowths and alteration pseudomorphs after fluocerite. Crystal axes of both species oriented in parallel position.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.90 Å | (35) |
| 3.56 Å | (71) |
| 2.88 Å | (100) |
| 2.06 Å | (50) |
| 2.01 Å | (35) |
| 1.892 Å | (50) |
| 1.675 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Most abundant REE mineral. Hydrothermal and primary igneous. Granitic and alkali syenites and pegmatites, carbonatites, contact metamorphic deposits, rarely in detrital deposits.
Type Occurrence of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Swedish Museum of Natural History 23:0476
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Narrow bands in a contact metamorphic amphibole skarn.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Other Language Names for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Dutch:Bastnäsiet-(Ce)
French:Basicérine
Cérium hydrofluaté
Cérium hydrofluaté
German:Bastnäsit-(Ce)
Basisches Fluorcerium
Buszit
Hamartit
Hemartit
Hydrofluocerit
Kischtimit
Kischtim-Parisit
Kyshtymoparisit
Basisches Fluorcerium
Buszit
Hamartit
Hemartit
Hydrofluocerit
Kischtimit
Kischtim-Parisit
Kyshtymoparisit
Russian:Бастнезит-(Ce)
Simplified Chinese:氟碳铈矿
Traditional Chinese:氟碳鈰礦
Relationship of Bastnäsite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Bastnäsite:
| Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F | Hex. 6m2 : P62c |
| Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F | Hex. 6m2 : P62c |
| Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F | Hex. 6m2 : P62c |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 61 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 50 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 44 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 40 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 39 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 34 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 32 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 32 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 29 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 26 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BD. | Cordylite-(La) | (Na,Ca)Ba(La,Ce,Sr)2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Cordylite-(Ce) | NaBaCe2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | 'Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride)' | Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F2 |
| 5.BD.05 | Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.10 | 'Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)' | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.15 | 'Cebaite-(Nd)' | Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20d | Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3 |
| 5.BD.20a | Thorbastnäsite | ThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2O |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)' | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Synchysite-(La)' | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F) |
| 5.BD.25 | Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.25 | Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.45 | Bayanoboite-(Y) | Ba2Y(CO3)2F3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in strong, hot acids.
May be found as pseudomorphs after Fluocerite or Tscheffkinite.
May be found as pseudomorphs after Fluocerite or Tscheffkinite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
REE ore
Internet Links for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-560.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.520
Hisinger, W. (1838) Analyser af några svenska mineralier. 2.Basiskt Fluor-Cerium från Bastnäs. Öfversigt af Kongl. vetenskaps-akademiens förhandlingar, P. A. Norstedt & Söner. 187-191as Basiskfluor-cerium
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. pp.297-297
Oftedal, Ivar (1931) Über die parallelverwachsung von tysonit und bastnäsit [On the parallel intergrowth of tysonite and bastnäsite]. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 12 (1-4) 459-467
Oftedal, I. (1931) Zur Kristallstruktur von Bastnäsit, (Ce,La--)FCO3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 78 (1-6). 462-469 doi:10.1524/zkri.1931.78.1.462
Donnay, Gabrielle, Donnay, J. D. H. (1953) The crystallography of bastnaesite, parisite, roentgenite and synchisite. American Mineralogist, 38 (11-12) 932-963
Hsu, L. C. (1992) Synthesis and stability of bastnaesites in a part of the system (Ce,La)-F-H-C-O. Mineralogy and Petrology, 47 (1) 87-101 doi:10.1007/bf01165299
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce) American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 415-418
Frost, Ray L., Dickfos, Marilla J. (2007) Raman spectroscopy of halogen-containing carbonates. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 38 (11). 1516-1522 doi:10.1002/jrs.1806
Burke, Ernst A. J. (2008) Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks. The Mineralogical Record, 39 (2) 131-135
Turner, D. J., Rivard, B., Groat, L. A. (2014) Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REE fluorocarbonates. American Mineralogist, 99 (7) 1335-1346 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4674
Ciobanu, Cristiana, Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis, Slattery, Ashley, Cook, Nigel, Wade, Benjamin, Ehrig, Kathy (2017) Short-Range Stacking Disorder in Mixed-Layer Compounds: A HAADF STEM Study of Bastnäsite-Parisite Intergrowths. Minerals, 7 (11) 227 doi:10.3390/min7110227
Localities for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Showing 479 localities.
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The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Zagi Mountain, Hameed Abad Kafoor Dheri, Peshawar District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan