Synchysite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Synchysite-(Ce)
Formula:
CaCe(CO3)2F
Colour:
Gray, gray-yellow, orange-yellow, brown, beige, light green, white
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
3.9
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1901 by Gustav Flink from the Greek σύγχΰσις "synchys" for "confounding" in allusion to its initially being mistaken for parisite. The suffix "-(Ce)" was added by the IMA due to the dominance of cerium in the composition.
Dimorph of:
Synchysite Group.
Ce analogue of Synchysite-(Y) and Synchysite-(Nd); Ca analogue of Huanghoite-(Ce).
F-dominant analogue of "Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)" (not approved).
Chemically related to parisite-(Ce), and röntgenite-(Ce).
May be intergrown with bastnäsite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths are fairly common).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Ce analogue of Synchysite-(Y) and Synchysite-(Nd); Ca analogue of Huanghoite-(Ce).
F-dominant analogue of "Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)" (not approved).
Chemically related to parisite-(Ce), and röntgenite-(Ce).
May be intergrown with bastnäsite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths are fairly common).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3853
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3853:5
Similar Names
| Synchisite | A synonym of 'Synchysite' | |
| Synchysite-(La) | Valid as an unnamed mineral | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| Synchysite-(Nd) | A valid IMA mineral species | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| Synchysite-(Y) | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | CaY(CO3)2F |
IMA Classification of Synchysite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
CaCe3+(CO3)2F
Approval year:
1982
Classification of Synchysite-(Ce)
5.BD.20c
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
16a.1.3.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
12.1.13
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Syn-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Syn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Synchysite-(Ce)
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Gray, gray-yellow, orange-yellow, brown, beige, light green, white
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.88 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Synchysite-(Ce)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.674 nε = 1.77
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.096
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Synchysite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
CaCe(CO3)2F
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Synchysite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.329(2) Å, b = 7.11 Å, c = 18.741(2) Å
β = 102.68(1)°
β = 102.68(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.734 : 1 : 2.636
Unit Cell V:
1,602.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Acute pyramidal; spindle-shaped.
Also thin or thick tabular.
Also thin or thick tabular.
Twinning:
On {0001}
Comment:
Strongly pseudohexagonal. Commonly observed subcell is primitive-hexagonal, a ~4.10, c ~18.2 A.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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Display Options
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005411 | Synchysite-(Ce) | Wang L, Ni Y, Hughes J M, Bayliss P, Drexler J W (1994) The atomic arrangement of synchysite-(Ce), CeCaF(CO3)2 The Canadian Mineralogist 32 865-871 |  | 1994 | Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.1 Å | (60) |
| 4.53 Å | (50) |
| 3.55 Å | (100) |
| 3.32 Å | (40) |
| 2.80 Å | (100) |
| 2.06 Å | (50) |
| 1.934 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal accessory mineral in granites and alkalic syenites.
Type Occurrence of Synchysite-(Ce)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Pegmatitic segregations in syenite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Synchysite-(Ce)
Other Language Names for Synchysite-(Ce)
Relationship of Synchysite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Synchysite Group:
| Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 'Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)' | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) | |
| 'Synchysite-(La)' | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F | |
| Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F | Orth. |
| Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 90 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 76 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 68 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 60 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| 57 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 54 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 40 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 37 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 32 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 26 photos of Synchysite-(Ce) associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BD. | Cordylite-(La) | (Na,Ca)Ba(La,Ce,Sr)2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Cordylite-(Ce) | NaBaCe2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | 'Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride)' | Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F2 |
| 5.BD.05 | Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.10 | 'Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)' | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.15 | 'Cebaite-(Nd)' | Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20d | Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3 |
| 5.BD.20a | Thorbastnäsite | ThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2O |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)' | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Synchysite-(La)' | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F) |
| 5.BD.25 | Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.25 | Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.45 | Bayanoboite-(Y) | Ba2Y(CO3)2F3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Synchysite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3853.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Synchysite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Levinson, A. A. (1966) A system of nomenclature for rare-earth minerals. American Mineralogist, 51 (1-2) 152-158
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce) American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 415-418
Förster, H.-J. (2001) Synchysite-(Y)-synchysite-(Ce) solid solutions from Markersbach, Erzgebirge, Germany: REE and Th mobility during high-T alteration of highly fractionated aluminous A-type granites. Mineralogy and Petrology, 72 (4) 259-280 doi:10.1007/s007100170019
Turner, D. J., Rivard, B., Groat, L. A. (2014) Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REE fluorocarbonates. American Mineralogist, 99 (7) 1335-1346 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4674
Localities for Synchysite-(Ce)
Showing 365 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Asadzadeh et al. (2025) |
| Tucker et al. (2012) | |
Angola | |
| Gonçalves +1 other reference |
| ZHENG et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Torró et al. (2012) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Birch et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Habibi et al. (2026) |
| Lottermoser (1995) +2 other references |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| Bottrill et al. (2021) |
| Unpub data R Bottrill & C Hughes |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2026) |
| Blass et al. (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Brandstätter et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2026) |
| Franz Bernhard (EDS-analyses of several synchysite samples) |
| Walter (2010) |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Postl (2007) |
| Auer (2025) |
| Folie et al. (1999) |
| Exel et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Horninger (1936) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Hatert (2002) +2 other references |
Brazil | |
| de Barros Gomes et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| Feng et al. (2015) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) | |
| Sheard (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pe-Piper +1 other reference |
| Avalon Advanced Materials Inc. |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 |
| Mounce et al. (2020) |
| SAGE (1983) |
| Mitchell (1991) |
| users.renegadeisp.com (2022) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Gold (1969) +1 other reference |
| CHEANG (1977) +1 other reference |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
| Laferrière (2011) |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Martin et al. (2018) |
| Fournier (1993) |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
China | |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Qu et al. (2019) |
| Li (1982) +3 other references |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Xue et al. (2026) | |
| Wu et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Gong et al. (2023) +2 other references |
| Shi et al. (2024) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Shi et al. (2024) | |
| Yunhuai Lin (1986) |
| Xishun Hu (2009) |
| Gao et al. (2026) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek D. (2013) |
| Škoda et al. (2006) |
DR Congo | |
| Nasraoui et al. (2000) |
Finland | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2018) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019 |
France | |
| Perinet (2014) +1 other reference |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2015) |
| De Ascencão Guedes R. (2004) |
| De Ascenção Guedes (2012) |
| Boisson J.-M. et al. (2023) |
| Collection Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Gatel (1990) |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Castro et al. (2011) |
| François Garric collection - Georges ... |
| Bernadi (2004) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Designolle J-L. (1997) |
| Augé et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| André MELLE collection - Georges ... |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1996) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Meier (1985) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Hensel (2021) |
| Witzke et al. (1995) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) +2 other references | |
| Förster (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| - (2000) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Greenland (TL) | |
| Donnay et al. (1953) +3 other references |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sándor Klaj collection |
India | |
| Bhushan (2015) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Preite (1992) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Camarda (2006) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Vanini et al. (2020) |
| Conconi et al. (2025) |
| Collection of Barry Murphy |
| imgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| imgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.) | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Martini et al. (2010) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Campostrini et al. (2023) | |
| Piccoli (2002) +2 other references |
| Piccoli (2002) +2 other references | |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli (2002) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Giuseppe Finello collection |
| Finello et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Graeser et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Albertini (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Huen et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Gramaccioli (1975) +1 other reference |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.20 |
| Brambilla A. (1986) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Caboni et al. (2018) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Sabelli (2000) | |
| Mondillo et al. (2016) | |
| Mondillo et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| collection Manuele Moro |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| Buscaroli et al. (1994) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Frizzo et al. (2010) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) |
| Orlandi P. et al. (LU) |
| Atti della giornata di Studio – ... |
Japan | |
| 皆川鉄雄 et al. (2001) |
| Kitamura & Uehara (2000) |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
Madagascar | |
| Estrade (2014) |
| Estrade et al. (2014) | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2011) |
Malawi | |
| Mkango Resources |
| Ngwenya (1994) | |
| Guastoni et al. (2009) |
| Dowman et al. (2017) | |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| G.M. Tsareva data +3 other references |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| N.V. Vladykin data |
| Jindrich Kynicky | |
Morocco | |
| Khadem Allah (1993) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Wall et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Raade (1969) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2001) |
| Werner (1993) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| SEM-EDS Mineralogical Museum +1 other reference |
| Raade (1972) | |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Hermann Fylling |
| Larsen (1994) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen MM-collection (#743) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection |
| Andresen et al. (2020) |
| Larsen et al. (2004) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1576 |
| Larsen et al. (2004) |
| Werner (1993) |
| Werner (1993) | |
| Samuelsen (1993) |
Pakistan | |
| Gressman (2018) |
Poland | |
| Mineralogia Polonica Vol. 29 (2) |
| Janeczek J. (1998) |
| Körber et al. (2005) | |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2014) |
Russia | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2007) |
| Чередниченко et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Alekseev (2025) | |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Burlakov (1999) |
| Sharygin +10 other references |
| Prokopyev +4 other references | |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Volume 2: Minerals [Минералы]. Nauka et al. (in Russian) +8 other references |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Lapis 28 (12) |
| Pekov et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Kozlov +9 other references |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data of 2015 | |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Uher P. et al. (2010) |
| Uher et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Giebel et al. (2017) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| VERWOERD (1993) |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Christian Rewitzer collection 2007 / ... +1 other reference |
| Miguel A. Fernandez Périz (2006) | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Calvo (2012) |
| Dr Joan Abella i Creus (2019) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
Sweden | |
| Jonsson (2011) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 3296 ( Ex Torbjörn Lorin collection) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Jonsson +3 other references |
| Jonsson (1992) |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| collection Joachim Esche |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Kipfer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1982) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) |
| van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Ansermet (2001) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| www.mineralien-ch.ch (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| M.Wirth collection (Manchester Univ.) |
| Rumsey et al. (2008) |
| |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) | |
| Hubbard et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| R&M 67:6 p402-404 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| in Lasemi et al. (2011) |
| Smith +3 other references |
| Vandall King | |
| Buchholz et al. (2013) |
| Morris (1983) +1 other reference |
| Oyelayo et al. (2026) |
| T Mortimer (mindatnh.org) |
| |
| King |
| Analysis by Andy Roberts. +1 other reference | |
| Chamberlain et al. (2013) |
| Steve Chamberlain et al (2009) | |
| Chamberlain (2012) | |
| Chamberlain (2012) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2001) | |
| Johannes Swarts collection |
| Johannes Swarts collection |
| csmres.jmu.edu (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| ... |
Vietnam | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Collection of NHM +4 other references | |
| Li et al. (2023) |
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