ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (1885โ€“1967)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yitzhak Dov Berkowitz

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืžืดื•, 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1885 ื‘ืกืœื•ืฆืง ืฉื‘ืคืœืš ืžื™ื ืกืง ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื”. ืกืคื’ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉึพืขืฉืจื” ืœืขืจืš ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืš ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื—ืœื” ืžืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ึพ1903 ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–ืณ, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืฉื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ืดื”ืฆื•ืคื”ืด, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 1903 ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ โ€“ ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœื• ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืŸึพืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืคืจืกื ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช, ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ, ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—. ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉืขืจืš ืื– ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืดื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ืด, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื• ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1904, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืขึพืขืฉืจื”, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื”ื–ืžืŸืด ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”. ื‘ึพ1905 ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืฉื ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืืจื ืกื˜ื™ื ื”. ืžืื– ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื•ื”ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ึพ1906 ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืื– ืคืขืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื–ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ื•ึพืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื•, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืจืกื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ึพ1910 ื›ื™ื ืก ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1910โ€“1913 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืดื”ืขื•ืœืืด, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืœืื•ื“ืกื”. ื‘ึพ1913 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืชึพื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ื•ืชื ื• ืขืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ึพ1916 ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจืš ืืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” (1917โ€“1923) ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืดื“ืึธืก ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื•ืšืด (1926), ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืชืคืก ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพื”ืขืช ืดื”ืชื•ืจืŸืด ื•ืดืžืงืœื˜ืด ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึพ1928 ื•ื ืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืึพื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืดืžืื–ื ื™ืืด (1929). ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืดื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืด ื•ืดืžื ื—ืึพืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœืด) ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคืขืžืช ืขื ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืžื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืžื•, ืืš ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ืœืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ (ืดืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืืด, 1931โ€“1933) ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืขื‘ืจื™ (ืดื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืืด, 1938). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืกื›ืžืช, ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจื• ืกืœื•ืฆืง, 1962, ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘), ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืฆืจื•ืจ ืดืคืจืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชืด ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืจืš (1965โ€“1966).  ื‘ึพ1955 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืคืช ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื.
ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืžื–ืจื—ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ืชืคืก ืขืžื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ โ€“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชืžื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืคืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœื•, ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด (1904), ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืช ืฉืžื”. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฆื•ื ื ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉึธืœึตื• ื•ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื™ืชืžื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ืึพื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื–ื’ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ืื–: ืดื ื•ืกื— ืžื ื“ืœื™ืด ื”ืึถืคึผึดื™ึพืคื ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื•ืœ ืดื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆืณื‘ืกืงื™ืด ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ึพื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชึพืžืคืชื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืขึพืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™, ื•ืืฃ ืชืจื’ื ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืณื›ื•ื‘. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• (ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉืœื•) ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืดื“ื•ืจ ืชืฉืดื—ืด ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื.  ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ืดื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืฉื›ืดื–, 29 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1967.
[ื›ืชื‘: ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ]
[Originally prepared for The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“, ืดื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืด, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 1880โ€“1980. ื›ืจืš ื: ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 1977, ืขืžืณ 327โ€“341.
Yona Altschuler, โ€œY. D. Berkowitz the Bilingual Writerโ€, in: Y. D. Berkowitz, Yiddish Stories 1906โ€“1924, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem 2003, pp. Vโ€“LXI
Avraham Holtz, Isaac Dov Berkowitz: Voice of the Uprooted, East and West Library, London 1973.

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืฆืดื•)
  • ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืฆืดื—)
  • ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ึพืื“ื : ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ึพื“ื•ืจื• (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืฆืดื—โ€“ืชืฉืดื’)  5 ื›ืจืณ.
  • ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื•ืคืจ, 1946) <ืกืคืจื•ืŸ ืณื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืณ>
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดืโ€“ืชืฉื›ืดื•) 12 ื›ืจืณ.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื›ืจืš ืโ€“ื‘. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื’. ืžื ื—ืึพืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื“. ืžื—ื–ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื”. ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื•โ€“ื™. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ึพืื“ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ึพื“ื•ืจื• โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื•. ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืฆืจ โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื–. ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื—. ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ืื“ื•ื โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื˜. ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื’ื•ืข โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื™. ื‘ืกืขืจื” โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื™ื. ื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœ โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื™ื‘. ืคืจืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช.
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’)
  • ื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1962)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื™ืœื“ื•ืช / ืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘, ืชืจืขืดื‘ 1912) (ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ : ืขื ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช: ื›ืจืš ื) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžืืช ื™.ื—. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ืณื‘ืขืœึพืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชืณ [ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืืฉื•ื‘]>
  • ื™ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžื™ืจ / ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื•)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžืจื™ื.  ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืณื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ืื“ืืณ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1974) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” (ืž.ื.) โ€“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื”>
  • ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ.  ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœื“ืดืจ ืœื™ืœืš ื ืชื ืืœ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืดืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืชืด, ืชืฉืขืดื• 2016>
  • ืฉืงื“, ืžืœื›ื”.  ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜ 1969) <ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžื•ืจื”> <ืขืœ ืณื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸืณ ื•ืขืœ ืณืคืจื ืื“ืืณ> <ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืณื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸืณ  ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 164โ€“172>
  • Weiss, Ann.  Berkowitzืณ Hebrew translation of Sholom Aleichem : a critical study, particular emphasis on Tevyeh Hacholev (New York, 1973) <Dissertationโ€“New York University, 1973>
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
  • ืื•ื ื’ืจืคืœื“, ืžืฉื”.  ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื).  ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื˜ืดื–, 28 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1955, ืขืžืณ 5 *
  • ืืœื—ื ื ื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืขื ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื˜ืดื–, 28 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1955, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”.  ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืื—ื“ึพืขืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื’ืณ, ื›ืจืš 3 (ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994), ืขืžืณ 137โ€“143.
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง : ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืชืจืฆืดื” 1934), ืขืžืณ ืงืคื•โ€“ืงืฆื“ <ื ื—ืชื: ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืจืคืดื—> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 61โ€“66>
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ื”ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจื—ื•ืง : ืคืจืงื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง : ืื•ื”ืœ, ืชืฉืดื“ 1943), ืขืžืณ 126โ€“133.
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืžืณ 237โ€“253 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืจืฆืดื”โ€“ืชืฉืดื‘>
  • ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืœืœ. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืดืœ 1970), ืขืžืณ 217โ€“223 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด ื•ืดื”ืžื›ืชื‘ืด>
  • ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืœืœ.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช : ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื”: ืžืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืœืคื•ืกื˜ึพืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื, ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011), ืขืžืณ 552โ€“564 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด ื•ืดืžื›ืชื‘ืด  (ืขืžืณ 552โ€“556)>
  • ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืคืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 3 (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืขืดื’, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013), ืขืžืณ 2โ€“4.
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื—, ื’ืœืณ ื™โ€“ื™ื (ื›ืกืœื•โ€“ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื•), ืขืžืณ 186โ€“192 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 64โ€“70; ื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 82โ€“89>
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื•, ื’ืœืณ ื”โ€“ื• (ื›ืกืœื•โ€“ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื™ืดื‘), ืขืžืณ 287โ€“292 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 71โ€“78>
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื. (ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ).  ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื“, ื’ืœืณ ื›ืดื— (ื–ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื™ืดื’), ืขืžืณ 152โ€“157 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 90โ€“95>
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืžื ื•ื—ื”.  ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืดืžืืจื™ืืฉืงื”ืด ืžืืช ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš:  ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ : ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื / ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก: ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืจื•ืช ืœื•ืจื ื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979), ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 1 (49 ืขืžืณ)
  • ื”ื•ืœืฅ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืง ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด ืœื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืจืš ื ืดื–, ื’ืœืณ ื“ืณ  (ืื“ืจโ€“ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื—), ืขืžืณ 221โ€“226 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 157โ€“163>
  • ื•ืจืกืก, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื—, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืžืณ 382โ€“390.
  • ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ. ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœื“), ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 446โ€“447.
  • ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘.  ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื–, 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1955, ืขืžืณ 5, 6.
  • ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืก, ืจื™ื ื”.  ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืดืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืด ืœื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืื—ื“ึพืขืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื’ืณ, ื›ืจืš 3 (1993), ืขืžืณ 129โ€“136.
  • ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืก, ืจื™ื ื”.  ืดื™ืœื“ื•ืชืด ืžืืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืดื• (ืชืฉื ืดื” 1995), ืขืžืณ 307โ€“316.
  • ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืก, ืจื™ื ื”.  ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• โ€“ ืคืจืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ืœื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ื–ื™ืงืชื” ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืดื  ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™. ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื–ืขื ื”ื—ืžืกื™ืŸ : ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืชื™ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009), ืขืžืณ 126โ€“157.
  • ืžื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘. ื™.  ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•. ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ื–ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื ื•ื›ืดื ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971), ืขืžืณ 7โ€“17>
  • ืžื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘. ื™.  ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืดื‘ืขืœึพื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชืด.  ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื›ืดื ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื– <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971), ืขืžืณ 17โ€“34>
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• : ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›ืดื“, 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10, 13  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืช : ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื 1979), ืขืžืณ 369โ€“377>
  • ื ื‘ื•, ื’ื™ื“ื™.  ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช : ืขืœ ืดืžืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืืด ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš:  ืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื‘ืณ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืจืœื” ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009), ืขืžืณ 241โ€“278.
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื : ืงื•ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”).  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืดื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆืดื•, 22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935, ืขืžืณ 1โ€“2 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื), ืขืžืณ 172โ€“181; ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1963), ืขืžืณ 163โ€“168 ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 67โ€“73>
  • ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื•, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ืžืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื : ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ื: ืขื ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื™ : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1975), ืขืžืณ 95โ€“102.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™.  ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœื“), ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 427โ€“430.
  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืฉืชื™ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ื‘ืžืœืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืกื™ื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 49โ€“51 (379โ€“381) (ืชืฉืจื™โ€“ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื‘, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991โ€“ื™ื•ื ื™ 1992), ืขืžืณ  186โ€“193.
  • ืงื•ืžื, ืื”ืจืŸ.  ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ืžืืกืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื“ (ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 243โ€“253 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 119โ€“133>
  • ืงื•ืžื, ืื”ืจืŸ.  ื”ืื•ืžื ื ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืžื•ึพืฉื”ื•ื?  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื‘ (ืชืฉื›ืดื• 1966), ืขืžืณ 262โ€“263 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœื”ืœืŸ>
  • ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืขื ืฆืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืณื“ื‘ื™ืจืณ.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืœืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื”โ€“ื• (ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 239โ€“243  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“104>
  • ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืžื•ึพืฉื”ื•ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื›ืดื•, 1965), ืขืžืณ 4โ€“17. <ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืžื โ€“ ืœืขื™ืœ>
  • ืงืจื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš.  ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืชืจื’ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื” (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื–), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“15 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 152โ€“156>
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื.  ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœื“), ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 422โ€“427.
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืงืฆืจ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื• : ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืืคืœืคืœื“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1968), ืขืžืณ 63โ€“68 <ื ื—ืชื: 1960>
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด ื‘ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื• : ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืืคืœืคืœื“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1968), ืขืžืณ 78โ€“83 <ื ื—ืชื: 1960>
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื.  ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ โ€“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ.  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื—, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืโ€“ื™ื‘ (ืฉื‘ื˜โ€“ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจโ€“ืžืืจืก 1961), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“14.
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื.  ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื• : ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืืคืœืคืœื“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1968), ืขืžืณ 69โ€“78 <ื ื—ืชื: 1965>
  • ืงืฉืช, ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ.  ืขืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืืžื“ื•ืช : ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื, ืชืฉืดืœ 1969), ืขืžืณ  40โ€“45.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืœื—ื’ ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 44, ื’ืœืณ ื›ืดื— (ื“ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื”, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1965), ืขืžืณ 503โ€“505; ื’ืœืณ ื›ืดื˜ (ื™ืดื— ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื”, 18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1965), ืขืžืณ 527โ€“529; ื’ืœืณ ืœืณ (ื›ืดื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื”, 25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1965), ืขืžืณ 554โ€“555 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 134โ€“151>
  • ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืคืจืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื–, 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1955, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘, ืžื ื—ื.  ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขื ื”ื›ื“ ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืข : ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขึนื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 1950), ืขืžืณ 213โ€“219.
  • ืฉืื ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืดืœ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืฉื›ืดื–, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1967, ืขืžืณ 7.
  • ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.  ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959), ืขืžืณ 107โ€“117 <ืคืจืง ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืœืืช ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”>
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ื”ืชืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” : ืขืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืดื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœื“), ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 431โ€“438.
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ืดื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื‘ืงื”ืด, ืžืืช ื™.ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขืœื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื’), ืขืžืณ ื™ืโ€“ืœื’ <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 105โ€“118  ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1992), ืขืžืณ 19โ€“31>
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ืดืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืด ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขืœื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื—), ืขืžืณ ื™ืโ€“ืž <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1992), ืขืžืณ 111โ€“128>
  • Rabinovich, Isaiah. Itzhak Dov Berkovitz : a vivid realism. In his Major trends in modern Hebrew fiction (Chicago & London : The University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 144โ€“165.
ืขืœ ืดืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด ืขืœ ืดื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืด
  • ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ื”.  ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœื“), ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 438โ€“441 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื”ืฉืงืฃ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆื‘ : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื—ื™ืคื” : ื’. ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1974), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“100>
  • ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ. ืดื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืด.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื• (ืชืจืฆืดื–โ€“ืชืจืฆืดื—), ืขืžืณ 270โ€“274 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืจืื™ ื•ืงื‘ืข : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืื•ื”ืœ, ืชืฉืดื‘ 1942), ืขืžืณ 105โ€“112; ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื‘ืณ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1969), ืขืžืณ 174โ€“183; ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 74โ€“81>
ืขืœ ืดื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืืด
  • ื‘ื ืืจื™, ื ื—ื•ื.  ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื‘ืกืคืจ ืดื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืืด).  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืจื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืดื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 187โ€“191.
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ : ืขืœ ืดื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืืด.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืœืดื“), ื’ืœืณ 6ืณ  (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 441โ€“446 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 78โ€“86>
  • ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ, 23 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ 38.
ืขืœ ืดื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืด (ืชืฉื™ืดืโ€“ืชืฉื›ืดื•) ืขืœ ืดื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœืด
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ื™ื•ื ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1962, ืขืžืณ 7, 8 [ื”ืžืฉืš] <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 86โ€“89>
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ืดื”ื’ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื”ืด : ื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœ ืžืืช ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื‘, 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ : ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœืคืœื“ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืดืข 2010), ืขืžืณ 351โ€“352>
ืขืœ ืดืคืจืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืืด
ืขืœ ืดื™ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžื™ืจืด ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 9 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ