ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ึผึทื”ึทืŸ (1881โ€“1960)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yaakov Cahan

    ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ึผึทื”ึทืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกืœื•ืฆืง (ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”) ื‘ืืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืžืดื, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1881 ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื–ื’ื™ืจื–ืณ (ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ), ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืœื•ื“ื–ืณ, ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื•. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืณื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸืณ ืฉืœ ื™ืดื‘ ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ (ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ). ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืจึพื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืณื—ื“ืจืณ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ึดืจื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืื™ืžื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 18 ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืดื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ืด ื‘ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืด ืฉื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ึพ1902 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช ืดืžืขึตื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸืด. ื‘ึพ1903 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชื•ืฉื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื ืกืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืŸ (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืณืขื‘ืจื™ื”ืณ, ื•ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืณื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืชืณ. ื‘ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจืš ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพื”ืขืช ืดื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉืด (1912), ืดื”ืขื•ื’ืŸืด (1917) ื•ืดืกื ื”ืด (1929). ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืดื”ืชืงื•ืคื”ืด ื•ืดื›ื ืกืชืด. ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–ืณ, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื›ืžืชึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ึทืืจืฉื” ื•ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื‘ึพ1934 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื ืคื”.  ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (1938), ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (1946, 1957) ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ึถืชึถื”, ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1953, 1958). ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื›ืดื, 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1960 ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ึพ14 ื›ืจื›ื™ื (1950โ€“1964).
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจืกืดื’โ€“ืชืจืกืดื”, 1902โ€“1905) <ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื>
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืชืจืคืดื—โ€“ืชืจืดืฅ) <ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื: ื›ืจืš ื: ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ื. (ืกืคืจ ืโ€“ื”). ืชืจืคืดื—; ื›ืจืš ื‘: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืชืจืดืฅ>
  • ืกืคืจ ืืœื™ืคืœ : ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืฉืดื’)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชืฉืดื”โ€“ืชืฉื˜ืดื–, 1945โ€“1956) 12 ื›ืจื›ื™ื
    ื›ืจืš ื: ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื: ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉืดื™). ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืฉืœื” ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื‘: ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื‘: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉืดื—). ืฉืก ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื’: ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื’: ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉืดื™). ืฉื ื˜ ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื“: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืด, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืชืฉืดื”). ืฉืคื–, [4] ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื”: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื‘: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉืดื”). ืชื ื‘, [3] ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื•: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื’: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืด, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืชืฉืดื”). ืฉืขื’, [1] ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื–: ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื/ ื”ืžื’ืœื•ืช/ ืกืคืจ ืืœื™ืคืœ. ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉืดื•, 1945). ืฉืฆื” ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื—: ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ( ื—ืœืง ื: ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื; ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืด, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืชืฉืดื”). ืฉืขื‘, [2] ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื˜: ืืจื™ืืœ (ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื™ื: ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ; ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืืœ; ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื™ืืœ; ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉื™ืดื–). ืฉื˜ื• ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื™: ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื‘: ื‘ื ื™ึพืื“ื ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื”ื/ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืง, ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ืด. ืชืฉื™ืดื). ืฉืกื– ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื™ื: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืœืื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืกื“ื”, ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ. ืชืฉื˜ืดื•). ืชื›ื“, [1] ืขืžืณ.
    ื›ืจืš ื™ื‘: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืจื•ื ื•ืชื”ื•ื, ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืกื“ื”, ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ. ืชืฉื˜ืดื–). ืฉื›ื— ืขืžืณ.
  • ืžืฉืœื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆืณืฆืณื™ืง, ืชืฉื™ืดื) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื ืดืš>
  • ื‘ืœื•ื– : ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆืณืฆืณื™ืง, ืชืฉื™ืดื“) <ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืืกืฃ ืณื›ื ืกืชืณ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืดืฉ>
  • ื”ื•ืฉืข : ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1955)
  • ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืžื—ื–ื” ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดืš) 2 ื›ืจื›ื™ื <ื›ืจืš ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ื โ€“  ื›ืจืš ื‘. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื>
ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื:
  • ืื™ืคื™ื’ื ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ืก : ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ / ืžืืช ื™.ื•ื•. ื’ื˜ื” (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืดืฃ)
  • ื˜ืจืงื‘ื˜ื• ื˜ืกื• : ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ / ื™ืดื• ื’ื˜ื” ; ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ืคืณ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืืณ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื’)
  • ืคืื•ืกื˜ : ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” / ื’ื˜ื” ; ืขื ื—ืžืฉื” ืคืชื•ื—ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืืช ื“ืœืงืจื•ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื’ 1943)
  • ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช / ื”ื™ื™ื ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ; ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1957)
  • ืื™ืคื™ื’ื ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ืก; ื˜ื•ืจืงื‘ื˜ื• ื˜ืกื• / ื™ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืชื” ; ืžื‘ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื—)
ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ืชืจืกืดื’โ€“ืชืจืกืดื” ืขืœ ืดื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸืด, ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ : ืžืืžืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง : ืขื’ืŸ, ืชืจืฆืดื” 1934), ืขืžืณ ืงืžื—โ€“ืงืกื” <ื ื—ืชื: ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืจืฆืดื>
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืœื•ื–ืด ืขืœ ืดื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื”ืŸืด (ืชืฉืดื”โ€“ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) ืขืœ ืดืžืฉืœื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ืืด
  • ื˜ืจืกื™ึพื’ื™ื, ืืกืชืจ. ืดืžืฉืœื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ืืด. ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•ื˜ื : ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ  104.
ืขืœ ืดืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืชืด ืœื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื”
  • ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ. ื”ื‘ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื”.  ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื, ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื™ืดื–, 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1957, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™, ืง. ื. ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ (ื›ืดื˜), ื’ืœืณ ื‘ืณ  (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื™ืดื—, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958), ืขืžืณ 127โ€“128.
ืขืœ ืดื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024

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