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Arthurite

A valid IMA mineral species
This page kindly sponsored by The Russell Society
08727770017272014252065.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
04145630017361020766262.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
08612980017361020766876.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
08727770017272014252065.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
04145630017361020766262.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
03668990017866686442207.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
08727770017272014252065.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
04145630017361020766262.jpg
Arthurite

Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA
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About ArthuriteHide

02097400017271921324738.jpg
Arthur Kingsbury & Sir Arthur Russell
Formula:
CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Colour:
Apple-green, emerald-green, pale olive-green.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
3.2
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Arthurite Group
Name:
Named in 1964 by Richard J. Davis and Max Hutchinson Hey in honor of Sir Arthur Edward Ian Montagu Russell [November 30, 1878 Folkestone, Kent, England, UK - February 23, 1964 UK], and Mr Arthur William Gerald Kingsbury [June 27, 1906 East Meon, Hampshire, England, UK - August 3, 1968 UK], both
English mineralogists and collectors. Sir Arthur Edward Ian Montagu Russell (1878-1964) 6th Baronet, of Swallowfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, was perhaps the greatest British mineral collector of the 20th century. Sir Arthur Russell’s will directed that his collection should be given to the British Museum (Natural History) – now the Natural History Museum. The Russell Society, an organisation for amateur and professional mineralogists, dedicated to British topographical mineralogy, was named in his honor. Arthur Kingsbury, Russell's friend, was an indefatigable field collector and prolific author of mineralogical articles.
Arthurite Group.

May be confused with acicular conichalcite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
376
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:376:6

IMA Classification of ArthuriteHide

Classification of ArthuriteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
8.DC.15

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
Dana 8th ed.:
42.11.20.2

42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:
20.1.16

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
AtuIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of ArthuriteHide

Lustre:
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Apple-green, emerald-green, pale olive-green.
Streak:
(not reported)
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Density:
3.2 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of ArthuriteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.736 nβ = 1.767 nγ = 1.796
2V:
Calculated: 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.060
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = colorless to pale green; Y = gray-green; Z = olive-green.

Chemistry of ArthuriteHide

Mindat Formula:
CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Element Weights:
Element% weight
O40.059 %
As26.798 %
Fe19.975 %
Cu11.365 %
H1.803 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
O
As
Fe
Cu
H
Elements listed:
As, Cu, Fe, H, O - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
P,S

Crystallography of ArthuriteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.09 Å, b = 9.62 Å, c = 5.55 Å
β = 92.2°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.049 : 1 : 0.577
Unit Cell V:
538.32 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0014708ArthuriteKeller P, Hess H (1978) Die kristallstruktur von arthurit, CuFe2[(H2O)4|(OH)2|(AsO4)2] Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 133 291-30219780293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
4.28 Å(vvs)
4.81 Å(vvs)
6.97 Å(vvs)
10.08 Å(vs)
2.801 Å(vs)
2.912 Å(s)
3.44 Å(ms)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates]

Type Occurrence of ArthuriteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Hingston Down Consols, Clitters United Mines, Gunnislake, Calstock, Cornwall, England, UK
General Appearance of Type Material:
Apple-green crusts
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1964,74–75 and 1964,80.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Formed by alteration of arsenopyrite or enargite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
PharmacosideriteQuartz
Reference:
Davis, R. J., Hey, M. H. (1964) Arthurite, a new copper—iron arsenate from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (266) 937-941 doi:10.1180/minmag.1964.033.266.01

Synonyms of ArthuriteHide

Other Language Names for ArthuriteHide

Dutch:Arthuriet
French:Arthurite
Norwegian:Arthuritt
Simplified Chinese:水砷铁铜石

Varieties of ArthuriteHide

Relationship of Arthurite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Arthurite Group
Other Members of Arthurite Group:
BendadaiteFe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
CobaltarthuriteCoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
EarlshannoniteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
KunatiteCuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
OjuelaiteZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)'Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn'ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
WhitmoreiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
65 photos of Arthurite associated with PharmacosideriteKFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
50 photos of Arthurite associated with ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
15 photos of Arthurite associated with OliveniteCu2(AsO4)(OH)
11 photos of Arthurite associated with QuartzSiO2
9 photos of Arthurite associated with ChenevixiteCu2Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)4
6 photos of Arthurite associated with BobierriteMg3(PO4)2 · 8H2O
6 photos of Arthurite associated with WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
6 photos of Arthurite associated with CupriteCu2O
5 photos of Arthurite associated with BendadaiteFe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
3 photos of Arthurite associated with BariopharmacosideriteBa0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.DC.FerroberauniteFe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.CésarferreiraiteFe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.FerrivauxiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.IanbruceiteZn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.05NissoniteCu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.07EuchroiteCu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2OOrth. 222 : P212121
8.DC.10LegranditeZn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.12StrashimiriteCu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2OMon.
8.DC.15EarlshannoniteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.15KunatiteCuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.15'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn'ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
8.DC.15'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)'Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
8.DC.15CobaltarthuriteCoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.15OjuelaiteZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.15WhitmoreiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.15BendadaiteFe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.17KleemaniteZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
8.DC.20MagnesiobermaniteMgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2 : P21
8.DC.20BermaniteMn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DC.20CoralloiteMn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.22KovdorskiteMg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.25ZincostrunziteZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25MetavauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.25MetavivianiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25FerristrunziteFe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OTric.
8.DC.25StrunziteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25FerrostrunziteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric.
8.DC.27BerauniteFe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2OMon. m : Bb
8.DC.27TvrdýiteFe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.27ZincoberauniteZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.30MaghrebiteMgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30FerrolaueiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30UshkoviteMgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30LaueiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30ParavauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30SigloiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30NordgauiteMnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30Kayrobertsonite[MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30KummeriteMn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30MangangordoniteMn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30StewartiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30GordoniteMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30Kastningite(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30PseudolaueiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.32KamarizaiteFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.32TinticiteFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.35VauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.37VantasseliteAl4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2OOrth.
8.DC.40CacoxeniteFe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2OHex. 6/m : P63/m
8.DC.45SouzaliteMg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2OTric. 1
8.DC.45Gormanite(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2OTric.
8.DC.47KingiteAl3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2OTric.
8.DC.50AllanpringiteFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.DC.50FluorwavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.50WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.52KribergiteAl5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.55MapimiteZn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2OMon. m : Bm
8.DC.57OgdensburgiteCa2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmmm
8.DC.60CloncurryiteCu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
8.DC.60Nevadaite(Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.62KenngottiteMn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 Mon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DC.67MolinelloiteCu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4)Tric. 1 : P1
8.DC.70WhitecapsiteH16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2OHex. 6/m : P63/m
8.DC.75HeimitePbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2OMon. 2/m
8.DC.80LedneviteCu[PO3(OH)] · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ArthuriteHide

References for ArthuriteHide

Reference List:
Davis, R. J., Hey, M. H. (1964) Arthurite, a new copper—iron arsenate from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (266) 937-941 doi:10.1180/minmag.1964.033.266.01
Fleischer, Michael (1965) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 50 (3-4) 519-522
Clark, A.H., Sillitoe, R.H. (1969) Arthurite from Potrerillos, Atacama Province, Chile. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (288) 519-520 doi:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.288.14
Davis, R. J., Hey, M. H. (1969) The cell-contents of arthurite redetermined. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (288) 520-521 doi:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.288.15
Fleischer, M.; Nickel, E.H. (1970) New Minerals Names. American Mineralogist, 55 (9-10). p.1810-1818.
Walenta, K. (1975) Die Sekundärmineralien des Schwerspatganges der Grube Clara bei Oberwolfach im mittleren Schwarzwald [The secondary minerals of the barite vein of the Clara mine near Oberwolfach, central Black Forest]. Der Aufschluss, 26 (10). 369-411
Keller, P., Hess, H. (1978) The crystal structure of arthurite, CuFe23+[(H2O)4|(OH)2|(AsO4)2]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte und Abhandlungen: 133: 291-302.
Frost, Ray L., Duong, L., Martens, W. (2003) Molecular assembly in secondary minerals – Raman spectroscopy of the arthurite group species arthurite and whitmoreite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2003 (5) 223-240 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0223
(2005) Arthurite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
Palmer, Sara J., Frost, Ray L. (2011) The structure of the mineral arthurite (AsO4,PO4,SO4)2(O,OH)2·4H2O – A Raman spectroscopic study. Journal of Molecular Structure, 994 (1) 283-288 doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.034
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Vrtiška, Luboš, Sejkora, Jiří, Malíková, Radana (2018) Arthurit z Huberova pně v Krásně u Horního Slavkova - první výskyt v České republice [Arthurite from Huber stock in Krásno near Horní Slavkov - the first occurrence in the Czech Republic]. Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie, 26 (1) 74-77

Localities for ArthuriteHide

Showing 48 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • South Australia
    • Pastoral Unincorporated Area
      • Boolcoomatta Reserve (Boolcoomata Station)
Anthony et al. (2000) +1 other reference
Austria
 
  • Lower Austria
    • Neunkirchen District
      • Payerbach
Hackenberg (2003)
Chile
 
  • Antofagasta
    • Antofagasta Province
      • Taltal
SEM-EDS by Joy Desor
    • Tocopilla Province
Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)
  • Atacama
    • Chañaral Province
      • Potrerillos
Anthony et al. (2000)
    • Huasco Province
      • Freirina
maurizio dini collection - analysed ...
Czech Republic
 
  • Karlovy Vary Region
    • Sokolov District
www.researchgate.net (n.d.) +2 other references
France
 
  • Nouvelle-Aquitaine
    • Haute-Vienne
      • Bellac
        • Razès
          • Chanteloube
            • Vilatte Quarries (La Vilate)
Lebocey et al. (2010)
  • Occitanie
    • Aveyron
      • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
        • Najac
Queneau (n.d.)
  • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
    • Var
      • Toulon
        • Le Pradet
Henderson (1994) +1 other reference
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Ortenaukreis
        • Oberwolfach
Walenta (1992)
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Siegen-Wittgenstein
        • Siegen
          • Gosenbach
Wittern (2001)
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Altenkirchen
      • Betzdorf-Gebhardshain
        • Kausen
Wittern (2001) +1 other reference
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza)
          • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
Rieck (n.d.)
          • Mercati mines
Rieck (1999)
        • Km 3
          • Km 3 mines
Hungary
 
  • Fejér County
    • Gárdony District
      • Sukoró
HOM Collection-Szakáll S.-2010
Italy
 
  • Sardinia
    • South Sardinia Province
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)
      • Villaputzu
Orlandi et al. (2005)
  • Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
    • Trento Province
      • Frassilongo
        • Roveda
Ferretti et al. (2018)
      • Ville di Fiemme
        • Carano
          • San Lugano pass
Ferretti et al. (2019)
  • Veneto
    • Vicenza Province
      • Valli del Pasubio
Domenico Saccardo (2019)
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region
    • Tsumeb
von Bezing et al. (2016)
Portugal
 
  • Guarda
    • Sabugal
      • Bendada
Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991)
Russia
 
  • Sakha
    • Kobyaysky District
Kostin (2021)
    • Verkhoyansk District
      • Yana River Basin
        • Yana-Adycha Region
          • Arga-Ynnakh-Khaya granite Massif
            • Kester harpolith
Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Almería
      • Níjar
        • Rodalquilar
          • Cerro del Cinto
Sintes et al. (2025)
Calvo (2015)
      • Tíjola
García Guirado (2016)
    • Granada
      • Molvizar
Ko Jansen collection
  • Murcia
    • Mazarrón
      • Pastrana
Borja Sainz de Baranda et al. (2003)
  • Valencian Community
    • Castellón
      • Chóvar
        • Bellota ravine
Viñals et al. (2007)
UK (TL)
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • Calstock
        • Gunnislake
          • Clitters United Mines
Davis et al. (1964) +1 other reference
Golley et al. (1995) +2 other references
      • Perranzabuloe
        • Perranporth
U. Kolitsch (X-ray powder diffraction) +2 other references
      • Treverbyn
        • Stenalees
Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference
USA
 
  • Montana
    • Granite County
      • Philipsburg Mining District (Flint Creek Mining District)
Waisman (1992) +1 other reference
  • Nevada
    • Mineral County
      • Fitting Mining District
        • Luning
          • Rhyolite Pass
The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass
    • Pershing County
      • Antelope Mining District
Wise (1978) +2 other references
- (n.d.) +1 other reference
  • South Dakota
    • Lawrence County
      • Galena Mining District
Roberts et al. (1965)
  • Utah
    • East Tintic Mountains
      • Tintic Mining District
        • Mammoth
Thorne (n.d.)
Thorne (n.d.)
SEM-EDS analyzed by Kerry Day
Collected by and in the collection of ...
    • Tooele County
      • Gold Hill Mining District (Clifton Mining District)
        • Gold Hill
Anthony et al. (2000)
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