Pharmacosiderite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pharmacosiderite
Formula:
KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Colour:
Pale green, green, emerald-green, dark brown, honey-yellow to yellow-brown, brownish red, hyacinth-red; green, yellow, light brown in transmitted light (biaxially sectored).
Lustre:
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.797
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1813 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann from the Greek φάρμăκου "pharmakou" for "poison or drug" in allusion to the arsenic content, and σίδηρος "sideros" for "iron" in its composition.
Pharmacosiderite Group.
Forms solid solutions with bariopharmacosiderite, natropharmacosiderite, pharmacoalumite and other members of the pharmacosiderite group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of iron-bearing sulfide deposits or in hydrothermal deposits.
Forms solid solutions with bariopharmacosiderite, natropharmacosiderite, pharmacoalumite and other members of the pharmacosiderite group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of iron-bearing sulfide deposits or in hydrothermal deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3185
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3185:7
IMA Classification of Pharmacosiderite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KFe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·6-7H2O
Classification of Pharmacosiderite
8.DK.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
K : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
K : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1
42.8.1a.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
20.9.9
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pmsd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pha | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Pharmacosiderite
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Pale green, green, emerald-green, dark brown, honey-yellow to yellow-brown, brownish red, hyacinth-red; green, yellow, light brown in transmitted light (biaxially sectored).
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect to good on {001}.
Imperfect to good on {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Described as "somewhat sectile"
Density:
2.797 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.90 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pharmacosiderite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
nα = 1.660 - 1.697 nβ = 1.661 - 1.700 nγ = 1.663 - 1.704 n = 1.687 - 1.704
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°
Birefringence:
0.005
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Optical Extinction:
May have biaxial sectors
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Virtually always anomalously biaxial + or - of tensional origin, with weak birefringence, possibly exhibiting six biaxial sectors based on the faces of {001}. Measured 2V = large.
Chemistry of Pharmacosiderite
Mindat Formula:
KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6-7H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
P
Crystallography of Pharmacosiderite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
43m - Hextetrahedral
Space Group:
P43m
Setting:
P43m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.96(2) Å
Unit Cell V:
504.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Cubic crystals, striated diagonally or replaced by a vicinal trapezohedron near {1.1.40}; and exhibiting minor {111}, {111}, {011}, and {122}; also tetrahedral. Granular, earthy.
Twinning:
Lamellar, rarely as twinned tetrahedra.
Crystallographic forms of Pharmacosiderite
Crystal Atlas:
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Pharmacosiderite no.8 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pharmacosiderite no.12 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014604 | Pharmacosiderite | Mills S J, Hager S L, Leverett P, Williams P A, Raudsepp M (2010) The structure of H3O+ - exchanged pharmacosiderite Mineralogical Magazine 74 487-492 | 2010 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010644 | Pharmacosiderite | Buerger M J, Dollase W A, Garaycochea-Wittke I (1967) The structure and composition of the mineral pharmacosiderite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 125 92-108 |  | 1967 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 |
| 0015629 | Pharmacosiderite | Zemann J (1948) Formel und strukturtyp des pharmakosiderits Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 1 1-13 | 1948 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012642 | Pharmacosiderite | Zemann J (1947) Uber die struktur des pharmakosiderits Experientia 3 452-452 | 1947 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.0 Å | (90) |
| 4.61 Å | (100) |
| 3.259 Å | (70) |
| 2.822 Å | (65) |
| 2.408 Å | (80) |
| 1.7844 Å | (65) |
| 1.5959 Å | (60) |
Comments:
ICDD 34-155
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation zones of arsenic-bearing sulfide deposits; also in hydrothermal deposits.
Type Occurrence of Pharmacosiderite
Synonyms of Pharmacosiderite
Other Language Names for Pharmacosiderite
Catalan:Farmacosiderita
Dutch:Farmacosideriet
French:Fer arseniaté
German:Pharmakosiderit
Arseniksaures Eisen im Würfeln kryst.
Pharmacosiderit
Pharmakosidrit
Würfelerz
Olivenerz (in part)
Arseniksaures Eisen im Würfeln kryst.
Pharmacosiderit
Pharmakosidrit
Würfelerz
Olivenerz (in part)
Italian:Farmacosiderite
Russian:Фармакосидерит
Simplified Chinese:毒铁石
Spanish:Farmacosiderita
Traditional Chinese:毒鐵石
Relationship of Pharmacosiderite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pharmacosiderite Group:
| Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O | Tet. 42m : P42m |
| Caesiumpharmacosiderite | CsFe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O | Iso. 43m : P43m |
| Hydroniumpharmacosiderite | (H3O)Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O | Iso. 43m : P43m |
| Natropharmacosiderite | NaFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O | Iso. 43m : P43m |
| Plumbopharmacosiderite | Pb0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O | Iso. 43m : P43m |
| Strontiopharmacosiderite | Sr0.5Fe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O | Tet. 42m : P42m |
| Thalliumpharmacosiderite | TlFe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O | Iso. 43m : F43m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 239 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 73 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 65 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 65 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 49 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 32 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 26 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 26 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 23 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 17 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DK. | Regerite | KFe6(PO4)4(OH)7(H2O)6 · 4H2O |
| 8.DK. | Richelsdorfite | Ca2Cu5Sb(AsO4)4(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 8.DK. | Bimbowrieite | NaMgFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DK. | Puttapaite | Pb2Mn2+2ZnCr3+4O2(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Thalliumpharmacosiderite | TlFe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Natropharmacosiderite | NaFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Plumbopharmacosiderite | Pb0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Strontiopharmacosiderite | Sr0.5Fe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DK.10 | Hydroniumpharmacosiderite | (H3O)Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.12 | Hydroniumpharmacoalumite | (H3O)Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4.5H2O |
| 8.DK.12 | Bariopharmacoalumite | Ba0.5Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.12 | Pharmacoalumite | KAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 6.5H2O |
| 8.DK.12 | Calciopharmacoalumite | Ca0.5Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DK.12 | Natropharmacoalumite | NaAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DK.15 | Matioliite | NaMgAl5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DK.15 | Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DK.15 | Natrodufrénite | NaFe3+Fe3+5(PO4)4O(OH)5(H2O)2 |
| 8.DK.15 | Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DK.15 | Gayite | NaMn2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DK.20 | Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 · 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
| 8.DK.25 | Bleasdaleite | (Ca,Fe3+)2Cu5(Bi,Cu)(PO4)4(H2O,OH,Cl)13 |
| 8.DK.30 | Matulaite | (Fe3+,Al)Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8 · 8H2O |
| 8.DK.35 | Krasnovite | Ba(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 4.5710% | 1,417 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Pharmacosiderite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Electrical:
Weakly piezoelectric and pyroelectric.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl. Crystals immersed in ammonia turn red and revert to the original green colour when reimmersed in dilute HCl.
Alters to Limonite and Wad. Forms pseudomorphs after Siderite.
Alters to Limonite and Wad. Forms pseudomorphs after Siderite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pharmacosiderite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3185.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Pharmacosiderite
Reference List:
Richard Kirwan (1794) Elements of Mineralogy - second edition Vol. 1. P. Elmsly, The Strand.p.189 - as Arsenicated Iron Ore
Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p.1065 - as Pharmakosiderit
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.520
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.118
Localities for Pharmacosiderite
Showing 541 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Oulebsir et al. (2021) |
Argentina | |
| Ronald G. Simpson (2017) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| van der Heyden et al. (1988) |
| Updated list originally distributed by ... |
| part of list University of Queensland |
| Jean Pierre Barral +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Ryan Eagle field collected 2018 |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Simpson (1952) |
| Clissold (2007) |
| Nickel (1987) |
| Kim Macdonald collection. |
| Blatchford et al. (1917) |
| Dunn et al. (1985) |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| Meixner (1953) |
| Puttner (2002) |
| Blass (2000) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Huber et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Paar et al. (1978) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Tomazic (1999) |
| Leikauf et al. (2000) |
| Bernhard et al. (2005) |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Bojar et al. (1995) |
| Auer & Postl (2016) |
| Chris Auer |
| - (1994, July) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
Belgium | |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Lefevre (2001) +6 other references |
Brazil | |
| Moura et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Sergio Varvello collection +1 other reference |
| Atencio et al. (2004) | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Sergio Varvello collection | |
| Atencio et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Canada | |
| Walker et al. (2009) |
| Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History ... |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Watson et al. (1996) | |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Cook (1978) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| |
| Scharm B. |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| FILIPPI M. et al. (2005) |
| Sejkora et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Šrein (2008) |
| Historic mineral collection National ... |
| Roman Gramblicka collection |
| Roman Gramblicka collection | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
| Dvořák et al. (2012) | |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
| Miškovský |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) | |
| Novák +3 other references | |
France | |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Belot (1978) | |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) | |
| PIERROT R. (1971) | |
| Michel Blondieau collection |
| Collected by IOB Sylvano analysed by BOURGOIN Vincent (Jean Wyart association) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Leydet et al. (2007) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Arliguie M collection +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| La minéralogie. Béryl Limousin +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| |
| Robert PECORINI (2016) |
| |
| Georges Favreau specimens |
| Caubel (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| "La minéralisation thallifère de Jas Roux (Hautes Alpes) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection | |
| CLAUDE Jean Marie Collection and ... | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Müller (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rainer Batoschewitz specimen (http://www.meteorite-lab.homepage.t-online.de/index_dateien/bm.pdf) |
| Lapis (10) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| |
| Koch (2008) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mineralienwelt 2/1997 |
| Russell (1910) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Markl (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Rondorf et al. (1992) |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Stolze et al. (08/2020) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Stark (2011) |
| Martin et al. (1992) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| 43-47 +3 other references |
| Knoll (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Selling catalog Steffen Michalski ... |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| Hanke (1996) | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Frenzel (1895) | |
| 42. +2 other references | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
| |
| Own found (Tóth L.,2012) |
Ireland | |
| S. Moreton collection |
Italy | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| probed by Balestra C. |
| collected by F. Castellaro and probed ... |
| Gianluca Armellino et al. (2024) |
| Capitanio A. (2000) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Gentile et al. (2012) |
| Gentile P. (1985) +2 other references | |
| Biffi P. et al. (2004) |
| Guastoni et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Boscardin M. (1990) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Guastoni (2009) |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Sergio Mascia finding +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Joshua Chambers Collection | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Pelloux (1921) | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
| Francesco Bonotti Collection | |
| Francesco Bonotti Collection | |
| Calanchi et al. (1976) |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| F. Millosevich (1914) +1 other reference |
| L. Busatti (arsenopirite, farmacosiderite, dufrenite) |
| F. Senesi (1998) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Yaiba Sakaguchi |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| OHNISHI et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Kusachi et al. (1986) |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Kampf (2004) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| JP Barral collection +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Kampf (2004) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Auton (1982) |
| Craw et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Auton (1997) |
| Paritu |
| Haffert et al. (2010) |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
| Balić Žunić et al. (1993) +3 other references | |
Norway | |
| Kamphaug (1986) |
| Kristiansen et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2011) | |
| Husdal (2021) | |
| Ellingsen et al. (2000) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| |
| - (n.d.) |
| Larsen (2013) |
| Ljøstad (1988) +3 other references |
Poland | |
| Siuda +2 other references |
| Domańska (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| Lis J. et al. (Sudety) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... | |
| Artur Neves collection |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2002) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko M. et al. (2010) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Duda |
| Ondrejka et al. (2024) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Martin Števko |
| Ozdín et al. (1999) |
| Ozdín et al. (1999) | |
South Africa | |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +1 other reference |
| Malcolm Southwood (2002) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +3 other references |
Spain | |
| Castro +2 other references |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| José Miguel Sola Fernández and group. |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) | |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Boixereu-Vila et al. (2025) |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Carlos González Bargueño et al. (2003) |
| González Bargueño et al. (2003) | |
| Boixereu-Vila et al. (2025) |
| Joan Rosell |
| |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2013) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Weiß (2002) |
| Adrián Pesudo |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) | |
| A. Pesudo |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection |
| Chen et al. (1985) | |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
UK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Russell (1910) +2 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Foster (n.d.) +2 other references |
| P Haas (2007) |
| Collins (1871) |
| Collins (1871) +1 other reference | |
| P |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hill et al. (1906) | |
| Hausmann (1813) |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection. | |
| Phillips (1823) +3 other references | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| P D Trebilcock. |
| G. Curtis |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference |
| Ex Chris Jewson | |
| Day (1999) |
| G.Curtis collection. |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| |
| [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com] +1 other reference |
| Phillips (1823) +3 other references | |
| Embrey et al. (1987) | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Carne (1822) +3 other references |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Collins (1871) |
| 39-40 +1 other reference |
| Dines (1956) | |
| Collins (1876) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| M.Rumsey - EDS identification - NHM (2010) |
| Greg et al. (1858) +6 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Wolf Minerals |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1981) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Michael Cline Collection +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shepard (1837) |
| |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ron Layton collection specimen |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1991 |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass |
| Jensen et al. (2010) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| MinRec 16 (1) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wise (1978) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Jensen et al. (2001) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| Heixong Yang |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Kenney Gay - North Carolina Geological ... | |
| Genth et al. (1881) |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Mineral Webzine |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:111. | |
| W. L. Roberts label |
| Frank Karasti |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dana 6: 1092. +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
| King et al. (1995) |
| Paul M. Adams Collection |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| SEM EDS confirmed by Rob Bowell. | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2023) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Lone Tree Mine, Buffalo Mountain Mining District, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA