Strunzite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Strunzite
Prof. Hugo Strunz
Formula:
Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O
Colour:
Straw-yellow to light brownish yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Silky
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
2.52
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1957 by Clifford Frondel in honor of Karl Hugo Strunz [February 24, 1910, Weiden in Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany - April 19, 2006, Unterwössen, Bavaria, Germany], Professor of Mineralogy, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany. Strunz was a systematic mineralogist and published on the classification of silicate mineral crystal structures in 1937 (in the same year as Harry Berman), as well as a complete mineralogical classification, notably in successive editions of Mineralogische Tabellen, the first of which was published in 1941. Strunz's classification is based on both chemistry and crystal structure. He was one of the founders of the International Mineralogical Association. Strunz was particularly interested in phosphate minerals from granite pegmatites and Clifford Frondel doggedly pursued trying to acquire enough mineral in order to name a mineral for Dr. Strunz. Frondel made an appeal to every mineral field collector he came in contact with to provide as much of a tiny acicular mineral as they could. Strunzite was informally known as "Frondel's whiskers" before it was formally named. Because of Frondel's "crowdfunding" method, the initial description of strunzite was made on specimens from a wide variety of locations. Strunz was also an active describer of new mineral species, particularly from Hagendorf, Germany and Tsumeb, Namibia. He named chudobaite, fleischerite, hagendorfite, itoite, laueite, liandradite, petscheckite, pseudolaueite, stranskiite, and five other species.
Strunzite Group. Related to laueite. Compare zincostrunzite.
For discussion on the "correct" type locality, see http://www.mindat.org/mesg-23-262727.html.
For discussion on the "correct" type locality, see http://www.mindat.org/mesg-23-262727.html.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3810
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3810:8
IMA Classification of Strunzite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O
First published:
1957
Classification of Strunzite
8.DC.25
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
42.11.9.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.12.26
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Snz | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Strunzite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Straw-yellow to light brownish yellow
Comment:
Frequently stained red-brown or black by coatings of other minerals
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Splintery, Fibrous
Density:
2.52(5) g/cm3 (Measured) 2.49 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Strunzite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.619 - 1.625 nβ = 1.64 - 1.67 nγ = 1.696 - 1.72
2V:
Measured: 75° to 80°, Calculated: 86°
Birefringence:
0.053
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.077 - 0.095
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
Z ^ c = 10° - 19°
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= nearly colorless
Y= yellow brown
Z= darker yellow brown
Y= yellow brown
Z= darker yellow brown
Chemistry of Strunzite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O
Element Weights:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Fe2O3 | 43.8 % |
| FeO | 2.0 % |
| P2O5 | 27.6 % |
| SO3 | 0.9 % |
| H2O | 26.3 % |
| Total: | 100.6 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mont-des-Groseillers, Blaton, Bernissart, Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium |
Crystallography of Strunzite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Setting:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.228(5) Å, b = 9.837(5) Å, c = 7.284(5) Å
α = 90.17(5)°, β = 98.44(5)°, γ = 117.44(5)°
α = 90.17(5)°, β = 98.44(5)°, γ = 117.44(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.04 : 1 : 0.74
Unit Cell V:
641.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Needle-like to hair-like, sometimes thin bladed. Terminations are uncommon and show an asymmetric steeply sloping edge.
Twinning:
Common on {120}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019617 | Strunzite | Grey I E, Macrae C M, Keck E, Birch W D (2012) Aluminium-bearing strunzite derived from jahnsite at the Hagendorf-Sud pegmatite, Germany Mineralogical Magazine 76 1165-1174 | 2012 | Hagendorf-Sud pegmatite, Germany | 0 | 293 | |
| 0015670 | Strunzite | Fanfani L, Tomassini M, Zanazzi P F, Zanzari A R (1978) The crystal structure of strunzite, a contribution to the crystal chemistry of basic ferric-manganous hydrated phosphates Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 25 77-87 | 1978 | Big Chief mine, Glendale, South Dakota | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.02 Å | (100) |
| 5.32 Å | (80) |
| 4.50 Å | (50) |
| 4.35 Å | (60) |
| 4.27 Å | (60) |
| 3.29 Å | (60) |
| 3.23 Å | (60) |
Comments:
Similar pattern for all members of the group
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Alteration product of triphylite in zoned complex granitic pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Strunzite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Acicular tan to very pale yellow crystal in tuft-like to jackstraw clusters.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 106288–106301.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Late-stage alteration of primary phosphates, particularly triphylite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Strunzite
Relationship of Strunzite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Strunzite Group:
| Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O | Tric. |
| Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O | Tric. |
| Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 106 photos of Strunzite associated with Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 74 photos of Strunzite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 67 photos of Strunzite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 56 photos of Strunzite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 56 photos of Strunzite associated with Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 27 photos of Strunzite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 16 photos of Strunzite associated with Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 13 photos of Strunzite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 12 photos of Strunzite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 10 photos of Strunzite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DC. | Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC. | Césarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn' | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)' | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Tvrdýite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2O |
| 8.DC.40 | Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Souzalite | Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2O |
| 8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2O |
| 8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
| 8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
| 8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2O |
| 8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] · H2O |
Fluorescence of Strunzite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Strunzite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3810.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Strunzite
Reference List:
Fanfani, L., Tomassini, M., Zanazzi, P. F., Zanzari, A. R. (1978) The crystal structure of strunzite, a contribution to the crystal chemistry of basic ferric-manganous hydrated phosphates. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 25 (2). 77-87 doi:10.1007/bf01082853
Grey, I. E., Macrae, C. M., Keck, E., Birch, W. D. (2012) Aluminium-bearing strunzite derived from jahnsite at the Hagendorf-Süd pegmatite, Germany. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (5) 1165-1174 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.08
Keck, Erich, Grey, Ian E., MacRae, Colin M., Boer, Stephanie, Hochleitner, Rupert, Rewitzer, Christian, Mumme, William G., Glenn, A. Matt, Davidson, Cameron (2022) New secondary phosphate mineral occurrences and their crystal chemistry, at the Hagendorf Süd pegmatite, Bavaria. European Journal of Mineralogy, 34 (5) 439-450 doi:10.5194/ejm-34-439-2022
Localities for Strunzite
Showing 117 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Gay et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
Australia | |
| Kampf et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Eagle et al. (2015) |
Austria | |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +3 other references |
Brazil | |
| sergio varvello |
| King (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| King et al. (1993) | |
| Cassedanne (1983) +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| King (n.d.) |
Cameroon | |
| F. Pillard : "Contribution à l'étude de l'altération de la vivianite : cas de la vivianite d'Anloua (Cameroun) |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Jirásek | |
| Vrtiška et al. (2019) |
| J. Stanek: Der Aufschluss 41 (1) |
| Č +4 other references | |
| Staněk (1997) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Meisser et al. (2008) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984) | |
| BERBAIN. C et al. (2016) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2012) | |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (2011) |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| - (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| www.vfmg-weiden.de (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| DILL et al. (2009) | |
| e-rocks.com (n.d.) |
| Arnemann et al. (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Italy | |
| VIGNOLA et al. (2007) |
| Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) |
| Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) | |
Japan | |
| Kato et al (1988) |
| S. Matsubara (2000) | |
Namibia | |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
New Zealand | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
Poland | |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sweden | |
| Gustafsson (1989) +1 other reference |
| Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturarv database) |
Switzerland | |
| Weiß (1989) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Ryback et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| M Kampf collection |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 70 (5) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Schooner (1958, 1961) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Mineralogy of Maine |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Falster et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (6) | |
| King et al. (6) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| Scott Soucey and Tim Blake | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Thompson et al. (2005) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Hurlbut (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. 80:251 |
| Smith (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Moore (1965) +2 other references | |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
| Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +2 other references | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:64:504. +1 other reference |
| Smith (2005) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Henderson (1980) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| |
| Jesse Corneliusen Collection +1 other reference |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 &/or 60: 110 ... |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
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Hagendorf South Pegmatite, Hagendorf, Waidhaus, Neustadt an der Waldnaab District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany