Sillimanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Sillimanite
Benjamin Silliman
Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Colorless, white, yellow, brown, green, blue, gray.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Silky
Hardness:
6½ - 7½
Specific Gravity:
3.23 - 3.27
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named by George Thomas Bowen in 1824 in honor of Benjamin Silliman, Sr. (August 8, 1779, North Stratford (Trumbull), Connecticut, USA - November 24, 1864, New Haven, Connecticut, USA), Professor of Chemistry and Geology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and founder of the American Journal of Science (Silliman's Journal).
Co-Type Localities:
Polymorph of:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3662
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3662:3
IMA Classification of Sillimanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2OSiO4
Classification of Sillimanite
9.AF.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.2.2a.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
15.3
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sil | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Sil | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Sil | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Sil | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Sil | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Sillimanite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Sillimanite
Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, yellow, brown, green, blue, gray.
Comment:
The pure material is nominally colorless, although it may appear pale brown in the fine-grained "fibrolite" variety.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010} perfect
{010} perfect
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Usually fibrous due to breakage along fiber boundaries.
Density:
3.23 - 3.27 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.24 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Sillimanite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.653 - 1.661 nβ = 1.654 - 1.67 nγ = 1.669 - 1.684
2V:
Measured: 20° to 30°, Calculated: 30° to 80°
Birefringence:
0.016
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.016 - 0.023
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. XYZ=abc
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
May be seen in colored varieties, but only in thick sections. X=pale yellow Y=brown or light green Z=dark brown or blue
Chemistry of Sillimanite
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe
Crystallography of Sillimanite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.484 Å, b = 7.672 Å, c = 5.770 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.975 : 1 : 0.752
Unit Cell V:
331.30 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually fibrous in wavy bundles. Rarely in well defined rectangular to square cross-sectioned prisms.
Comment:
Pbnm
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004109 | Sillimanite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 |  | 2006 | Okkamitiya Sabaragamuiwa province, Sri Lanka | 0.0001 | 293 |
| 0004110 | Sillimanite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Okkamitiya Sabaragamuiwa province, Sri Lanka | 1.548 | 293 |
| 0004111 | Sillimanite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Okkamitiya Sabaragamuiwa province, Sri Lanka | 4.144 | 293 |
| 0004112 | Sillimanite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Okkamitiya Sabaragamuiwa province, Sri Lanka | 5.75 | 293 |
| 0004113 | Sillimanite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Okkamitiya Sabaragamuiwa province, Sri Lanka | 7.663 | 293 |
| 0000723 | Sillimanite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0008107 | Sillimanite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Finger L W, Prewitt C T, Downs R T (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 39-47 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0001446 | Sillimanite | Bish D L, Burnham C W (1992) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of fibrolitic sillimanite using neutron powder diffraction data American Mineralogist 77 374-379 | | 1992 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001016 | Sillimanite | Peterson R C, McMullan R K (1986) Neutron diffraction studies of sillimanite American Mineralogist 71 742-745 | | 1986 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018074 | Sillimanite | Taylor W (1928) The structure of sillimanite and mullite. _cod_database_code 1011204 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 68 503-521 | 1928 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000724 | Sillimanite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0000725 | Sillimanite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0000726 | Sillimanite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0000727 | Sillimanite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0008108 | Sillimanite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Finger L W, Prewitt C T, Downs R T (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 39-47 | 1997 | 1.23 | 293 | ||
| 0008109 | Sillimanite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Finger L W, Prewitt C T, Downs R T (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 39-47 | 1997 | 2.54 | 293 | ||
| 0008110 | Sillimanite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Finger L W, Prewitt C T, Downs R T (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 39-47 | 1997 | 3.72 | 293 | ||
| 0008111 | Sillimanite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Finger L W, Prewitt C T, Downs R T (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 39-47 | 1997 | 5.29 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.84 Å | (10) |
| 3.42 Å | (100) |
| 3.37 Å | (40) |
| 2.68 Å | (20) |
| 2.54 Å | (20) |
| 2.42 Å | (20) |
| 2.20 Å | (30) |
| 1.520 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 38-471
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
High-pressure and high-temperature thermal aureoles around intrusive rocks. Similar conditions in regionally metamorphosed rocks.
Type Occurrence of Sillimanite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
White to light yellow stained fibers in biotite schist with quartz segregations.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metasedimentary rocks
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Sillimanite
Other Language Names for Sillimanite
Croatian:Sillimanit
Dutch:Sillimaniet
Finnish:Andalusiitti
French:Sillimanite
Hebrew:סילימניט
Hungarian:Szillimanit
Italian:Sillimanite
Japanese:珪線石
Polish:Sillimanit
Russian:Силлиманит
Simplified Chinese:硅线石
Swedish:Sillimanit
Varieties of Sillimanite
| Fibrolite | A name for the fibrous form of sillimanite. Fibrolite is generally white to pale yellow and may occur in parallel bundles of fibers that seem to conform to the geometry of adjacent minerals, often in a gentle sweep of bent crystals. Fibrolite is by far th... |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 66 photos of Sillimanite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 45 photos of Sillimanite associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| 28 photos of Sillimanite associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 25 photos of Sillimanite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 16 photos of Sillimanite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 12 photos of Sillimanite associated with Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 12 photos of Sillimanite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 11 photos of Sillimanite associated with Graphite | C |
| 9 photos of Sillimanite associated with Prismatine | (◻,Fe,Mg)(Mg,Al,Fe)5Al4Si2(Si,Al)2(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)22 |
| 9 photos of Sillimanite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.05 | 'Xenolite' | Al10Si8O31 |
| 9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.10 | Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
| 9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)' | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)' | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
| 9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
| 9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Sillimanite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Used as a source for synthesizing high-temperature industrial ceramics.
Sillimanite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Sillimanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3662.html
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References for Sillimanite
Reference List:
Clark, S. P., Robertson, E. C., Birch, A. F. (1957) Experimental determination of kyanite-sillimanite equilibrium relations at high temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science, 255 (9) 628-640 doi:10.2475/ajs.255.9.628
Pearson, G. R., Shaw, D. M. (1960) Trace elements in kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite. American Mineralogist, 45 (7-8) 808-817
AGRELL, S. O., SMITH, J. V. (1960) Cell Dimensions, Solid Solution, Polymorphism, and Identification of Mullite and Sillimanite. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 43 (2). 69-78 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb13643.x
Burnham, Charles W. (1963) Refinement of the crystal structure of sillimanite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 118 (1) 127-148 doi:10.1524/zkri.1963.118.1-2.127
Chinner, G.A. (1966) The significance of the aluminium silicates in metamorphism. Earth-Science Reviews, 2. 111-126 doi:10.1016/0012-8252(66)90025-0
Althaus, Egon (1967) The triple point andalusite - sillimanite - kyanite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 16 (1) 29-44 doi:10.1007/bf00371606
Fyfe, W.S. (1967) Stability of Al2SiO5 polymorphs. Chemical Geology, 2. 67-76 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(67)90005-8
Chinner, G. A.; Smith, J. V.; Knowles, C. R. (1969) Transition Metal Contents of Al2SiO5 Polymorphs. American Journal Of Science, 267-A. doi:10.2475/001c.125212
Raymond, M., Hafner, S. S. (1970) Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Tensors of 27Al in Sillimanite (Al2SiO5) The Journal of Chemical Physics, 53 (10) 4110-4111 doi:10.1063/1.1673897
Kwak, Teunis A. P. (1971) Compositions of natural sillimanites from volcanic inclusions and metamorphic rocks. American Mineralogist, 56 (9-10) 1750-1759
Vaughan, Michael T., Weidner, Donald J. (1978) The relationship of elasticity and crystal structure in andalusite and sillimanite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 3 (2) 133-144 doi:10.1007/bf00308117
Vernon, R.H. (1979) Formation of late sillimanite by hydrogen metasomatism (base-leaching) in some high-grade gneisses. Lithos, 12 (2) 143-152 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(79)90045-8
Winter, John K., Ghose, Subrata (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs. American Mineralogist, 64 (5-6) 573-586
GREW, E. S. (1980) Sillimanite and Ilmenite from High-grade Metamorphic Rocks of Antarctica and Other Areas. Journal of Petrology, 21 (1) 39-68 doi:10.1093/petrology/21.1.39
Fleet, Michael E., Arima, Makoto (1985) Oriented hematite inclusions in sillimanite. American Mineralogist, 70 (11-12) 1232-1237
Grew, Edward S., Rossman, George R. (1985) Co-ordination of boron in sillimanite. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (350) 132-135 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.20
VERNON, R.H., FLOOD, R.H., D'ARCY, W.F. (1987) Sillimanite and andalusite produced by base-cation leaching and contact metamorphism of felsic igneous rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5 (4) 439-450 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1987.tb00395.x
Bish, David L., Burnham, Charles W. (1992) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of fibrolitic sillimanite using neutron powder diffraction data. American Mineralogist, 77 (3-4) 374-379
Yang, H.; Hazen, R. M.; Finger, L. W.; Prewitt, C. T.; Downs, R. T. (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al2SiO5, at high pressure. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 25 (1). 39-47 doi:10.1007/s002690050084
Rao, Mala N.; Chaplot, S. L.; Choudhury, Narayani; Rao, K. R.; Azuah, R. T.; Montfrooij, W. T.; Bennington, S. M. (1999) Lattice dynamics and inelastic neutron scattering from sillimanite and kyanite Al2SiO5. Physical Review B, 60 (17). p.12061-12068. doi:10.1103/physrevb.60.12061
Penn, R. Lee; Banfield, Jillian F.; Kerrick, Derrill M. (1999) TEM investigation of Lewiston, Idaho, fibrolite: microstructure and grain boundary energetics. American Mineralogist, 84 (1). p.152-159. doi:10.2138/am-1999-1-217
Dahaoui, Slimane, Ghermani, Nour Eddine, Ghose, Subrata, Howard, Judith A.K. (2001) Electric field gradient tensors at the aluminum sites in the Al2SiO5 polymorphs from CCD high-resolution X-ray diffraction data: Comparison with 27Al NMR results. American Mineralogist, 86 (1-2). 159-164 doi:10.2138/am-2001-0117
Iglesias, M., Schwarz, K., Blaha, P., Baldomir, D. (2001) Electronic structure and electric field gradient calculations of Al2SiO5 polymorphs. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (1). 67-75 doi:10.1007/s002690000123
Winkler, Björn, Hytha, M., Warren, M. C., Milman, Victor, Gale, J. D., Schreuer, J. (2001) Calculation of the elastic constants of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs andalusite, sillimanite and kyanite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 216 (2). 67-70 doi:10.1524/zkri.216.2.67.20336
Whitney, Donna L. (2002) Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey. American Mineralogist, 87 (4). 405-416 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404
Friedrich, Alexandra, Kunz, Martin, Winkler, Björn, Le Bihan, Tristan (2004) High-pressure behavior of sillimanite and kyanite: Compressibility, decomposition and indications of a new high-pressure phase. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 219 (6). 324-329 doi:10.1524/zkri.219.6.324.34635
Burt, J. B. (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 319-326 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1875
Ohuchi, F. S. (2006) Chemical bonding and electronic structures of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs, andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite: X-ray photoelectron- and electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. American Mineralogist, 91 (5) 740-746 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1887
Localities for Sillimanite
Showing 2,013 localities.
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The Locality List
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All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Ratnapura, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka