Andalusite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Donna Whitney
About Andalusite
Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
Colour:
Pink to red brown, occasionally yellow, green, white, gray rarely violet
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
6½ - 7½
Specific Gravity:
3.13 - 3.21
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named by Jean-Claude Delamétherie in 1798 for the supposed type locality, "Andalusia region", Spain, although he seems to have been not very familiar with Spanish geography and the type locality is not in Andalusia.
Andalusite was first analysed by Werner on specimens coming from Spain. Both Werner and Delamétherie believed that the specimens came from Andalusia, which is why the latter named it "andalusite". However, it seems that the analyzed specimens came from El Cardoso (Guadalajara), a town they erroneously thought to be in Andalusia. Consequently, the type locality must be considered El Cardoso, probably the outcrop located in Zahurdon. The error was perpetuated by other later authors, who considered that the origin was the province of Almeria, and remained so in the majority of books, even in modern ones. Furthermore, andalusite had already been known previously and had even been described, in its chiastolite variety, by a Spanish author, paleontologist and Franciscan priest José Torrubia, in 1754. The description was published in his famous book, "Aparato para la Historia Natural Española", in which aragonite also appears. In both cases, the descriptions are accompanied by illustrations that depict both minerals unmistakably. (See the article by Dr. Miguel Calvo, "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" - http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html )
Andalusite was first analysed by Werner on specimens coming from Spain. Both Werner and Delamétherie believed that the specimens came from Andalusia, which is why the latter named it "andalusite". However, it seems that the analyzed specimens came from El Cardoso (Guadalajara), a town they erroneously thought to be in Andalusia. Consequently, the type locality must be considered El Cardoso, probably the outcrop located in Zahurdon. The error was perpetuated by other later authors, who considered that the origin was the province of Almeria, and remained so in the majority of books, even in modern ones. Furthermore, andalusite had already been known previously and had even been described, in its chiastolite variety, by a Spanish author, paleontologist and Franciscan priest José Torrubia, in 1754. The description was published in his famous book, "Aparato para la Historia Natural Española", in which aragonite also appears. In both cases, the descriptions are accompanied by illustrations that depict both minerals unmistakably. (See the article by Dr. Miguel Calvo, "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" - http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html )
Polymorph of:
Isostructural with:
Andalusite-Kanonaite Series.
Isotypic with the olivenite group.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Andalusite.
Isotypic with the olivenite group.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Andalusite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
217
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:217:4
Similar Names
| Andalusiitti | A synonym of Sillimanite |
IMA Classification of Andalusite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2SiO5
Classification of Andalusite
9.AF.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.2.2b.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
15.1
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| And | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| And | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| And | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| And | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| And | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Andalusite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Andalusite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Pink to red brown, occasionally yellow, green, white, gray rarely violet
Comment:
in thin section, colorless to pink or green.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Poor on {100}
Good on {110}
Poor on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.13 - 3.21 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.149 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Andalusite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.629 - 1.640 nβ = 1.633 - 1.644 nγ = 1.638 - 1.650
2V:
Measured: 73° to 86°, Calculated: 80° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.009
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= reddish pink
Y=Z= greenish yellow
Varies depending on thickness of specimen, intensity of colour, and transparency. Rarely visible in thin section but clear coloured crystals can show strong pleochroism in hand specimens(Faye & Harris, 1969)
Y=Z= greenish yellow
Varies depending on thickness of specimen, intensity of colour, and transparency. Rarely visible in thin section but clear coloured crystals can show strong pleochroism in hand specimens(Faye & Harris, 1969)
Comments:
Iron substitution may dramatically increase RI and birefringence.
Chemistry of Andalusite
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 34.78 % |
| TiO2 | 0.02 % |
| Al2O3 | 51.80 % |
| Mn2O3 | 12.67 % |
| Fe2O3 | 0.97 % |
| MgO | 0.06 % |
| Total: | 100.3 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Al0.70Mn3+0.27Fe3+0.02)Al1.00O1.00[Si0.98Al0.02O4.00] |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Le Coreux, Salmchâteau, Vielsalm, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium | Mn-rich andalusite-dominant cores of zoned kanonaite-andalusite porphyroblasts in schist. |
Crystallography of Andalusite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Setting:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.798(7) Å, b = 7.9031(10) Å, c = 5.5566(5) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.987 : 1 : 0.703
Unit Cell V:
342.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
As euhedral crystals or columnar aggregates having nearly square cross sections, commonly elongated parallel to [001], to 20 cm. Crystals may be much interrupted due to intersection with outer minerals. Also fibrous, compact, massive.
Twinning:
On {101} - rare
Crystallographic forms of Andalusite
Crystal Atlas:
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Andalusite no.1 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Andalusite no.10 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Andalusite no.14 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Andalusite no.18 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004114 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 |  | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0.0001 | 293 |
| 0004115 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 1.474 | 293 |
| 0004116 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 2.512 | 293 |
| 0004117 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 3.129 | 293 |
| 0004118 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 3.932 | 293 |
| 0004119 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 5.441 | 293 |
| 0004120 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 7.565 | 293 |
| 0004121 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 9.828 | 293 |
| 0000728 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0000941 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 37 kbar continuous scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000940 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 25 kbar step-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000939 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 12 kbar step-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000938 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 12 kbar continuous-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017647 | Andalusite | Taylor W (1929) The Structure of Andalusite, Al2 Si O5 _cod_database_code 1010924 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 71 205-218 | 1929 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000729 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0000730 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0000731 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0000732 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | | 1979 | 0 | 1273 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.55 Å | (100) |
| 4.53 Å | (80) |
| 3.93 Å | (30) |
| 3.53 Å | (30) |
| 2.77 Å | (70) |
| 2.27 Å | (30) |
| 2.18 Å | (30) |
| 2.17 Å | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 39-376
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
A result of contact metamorphism of argillaceous sediments, also in regionally metamorphosed schists. Rare in granites and pegmatites, which however afford the largest crystals. Detrital in some sandstones.
Type Occurrence of Andalusite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Low pressure and low-temperature metamorphic rocks.
Synonyms of Andalusite
Other Language Names for Andalusite
Bosnian:Andaluzit
Bulgarian:Андалусит
Croatian:Andaluzit
Dutch:Andalusiet
Esperanto:Andaluzito
Estonian:Andalusiit
French:Andalusite
Galician:Andalucita
German:Andalusit
Hebrew:אנדלוזיט
Hungarian:Andalúzit
Italian:Andalusite
Japanese:紅柱石
Lithuanian:Andalūzitas
Norwegian:Andalusitt
Polish:Andaluzyt
Portuguese:Andalusite
Romanian:Andaluzit
Russian:Андалузит
Serbian:Андалузит
Simplified Chinese:红柱石
Swedish:Andalusit
Ukrainian:Андалузит
Varieties of Andalusite
| Chiastolite | Crystals of andalusite containing cross-shaped inclusions of carbon. Common in some metamorphic rocks. May be pseudomorphed by margarite. Known from the late 1500s, and called 'lapis crucifer' (cross stone) in Latin texts. It was popular with religious... |
| Titanium-bearing Andalusite | A titanium-bearing andalusite. (Possibly due to inclusions of rutile?) |
| Viridine | A Mn3+-bearing, green variety of andalusite. Compare kanonaite, Mn3+Al(SiO4)O. Synthetic viridine coexists with Mn-poor orange-yellow Mn-bearing kyanite (Abs-Wurmbach & Langer, 1975). |
Relationship of Andalusite to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 101 photos of Andalusite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 88 photos of Andalusite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 55 photos of Andalusite associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 16 photos of Andalusite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 15 photos of Andalusite associated with Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| 12 photos of Andalusite associated with Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 10 photos of Andalusite associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| 9 photos of Andalusite associated with Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Andalusite associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 7 photos of Andalusite associated with 'Milky Quartz' | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.05 | 'Xenolite' | Al10Si8O31 |
| 9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
| 9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)' | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)' | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
| 9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
| 9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Andalusite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Andalusite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Andalusite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-217.html
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References for Andalusite
Reference List:
Jackson, C.T. (1834) An Account of the Chiastolite or Macle of Lancaster. Boston Journal of Natural History, 1, 55-62.(as chiastolite)
Bunsen, R. (1839) Ueber Andalusit und Chiastolith. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 123. 186-190 doi:10.1002/andp.18391230516
Lettsom, W. G. (1885) On the Dichroism of Two European Andalusites. Mineralogical Magazine, 6 (2). 108 doi:10.1180/minmag.1885.006.2.11
Rastall, R. H. (1915) Andalusite and Chiastolite. Geological Magazine, S. 6 Vol. 2 (7). p.336. doi:10.1017/s0016756800178082
Peck, Albert B. (1924) Note on andalusite from California: a new use and some thermal properties. American Mineralogist, 9 (6). 123-129
Strunz, H. (1936) Vergleichende röntgenographische und morphologische Untersuchung von Andalusit (AlO)AlSiO4, Libethenit (CuOH)CuPO4 und Adamin (ZnOH)ZnAsO4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 94 (1-6). 60-73 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.94.1.60
Pearson, G. R., Shaw, D. M. (1960) Trace elements in kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite. American Mineralogist, 45 (7-8) 808-817
Burnham, Charles W., Buerger, M. J. (1961) Refinement of the crystal structure of andalusite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 115 (3) 269-290 doi:10.1524/zkri.1961.115.3-4.269
Chinner, G.A. (1966) The significance of the aluminium silicates in metamorphism. Earth-Science Reviews, 2. 111-126 doi:10.1016/0012-8252(66)90025-0
Althaus, Egon (1967) The triple point andalusite - sillimanite - kyanite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 16 (1) 29-44 doi:10.1007/bf00371606
Fyfe, W.S. (1967) Stability of Al2SiO5 polymorphs. Chemical Geology, 2. 67-76 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(67)90005-8
Faye, G. H., Harris, D. C. (1969) On the origin of colour and pleochroism in andalusite from Brazil. The Canadian Mineralogist, 10 (1) 47-56
Chinner, G. A.; Smith, J. V.; Knowles, C. R. (1969) Transition Metal Contents of Al2SiO5 Polymorphs. American Journal Of Science, 267-A. doi:10.2475/001c.125212
Hafner, S. S., Raymond, M., Ghose, Subrata (1970) Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Tensors of 27Al in Andalusite (Al2SiO5) The Journal of Chemical Physics, 52 (12) 6037-6041 doi:10.1063/1.1672904
Vaughan, Michael T., Weidner, Donald J. (1978) The relationship of elasticity and crystal structure in andalusite and sillimanite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 3 (2) 133-144 doi:10.1007/bf00308117
Winter, John K., Ghose, Subrata (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs. American Mineralogist, 64 (5-6) 573-586
Ralph, Russel L., Finger, Larry W., Hazen, Robert M., Ghose, Subrata (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure. American Mineralogist, 69 (5-6) 513-519
VERNON, R.H., FLOOD, R.H., D'ARCY, W.F. (1987) Sillimanite and andalusite produced by base-cation leaching and contact metamorphism of felsic igneous rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5 (4) 439-450 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1987.tb00395.x
Ahn, Kun-Sang, Nakamura, Yasuo (2000) The natural reaction muscovite+chlorite+chloritoid=andalusite+biotite+quartz+H2O and a new petrogenetic grid. Geosciences Journal, 4. 25-39 doi:10.1007/bf02910211
Dahaoui, Slimane, Ghermani, Nour Eddine, Ghose, Subrata, Howard, Judith A.K. (2001) Electric field gradient tensors at the aluminum sites in the Al2SiO5 polymorphs from CCD high-resolution X-ray diffraction data: Comparison with 27Al NMR results. American Mineralogist, 86 (1-2). 159-164 doi:10.2138/am-2001-0117
Iglesias, M., Schwarz, K., Blaha, P., Baldomir, D. (2001) Electronic structure and electric field gradient calculations of Al2SiO5 polymorphs. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (1). 67-75 doi:10.1007/s002690000123
Winkler, Björn, Hytha, M., Warren, M. C., Milman, Victor, Gale, J. D., Schreuer, J. (2001) Calculation of the elastic constants of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs andalusite, sillimanite and kyanite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 216 (2). 67-70 doi:10.1524/zkri.216.2.67.20336
Whitney, Donna L. (2002) Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey. American Mineralogist, 87 (4). 405-416 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404
Burt, J. B. (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 319-326 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1875
Localities for Andalusite
Showing 1,902 localities.
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Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar