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Falkmanite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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01158660017517654145628.jpg
Falkmanite, etc.

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
00444560017271923057447.jpg
Falkmanite

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
00409390017271923071388.jpg
Falkmanite, etc.

Boliden Mine, Boliden, Skellefteå, Västerbotten County, Sweden
00871140017495445031472.jpg
Falkmanite, etc.

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
00444560017271923057447.jpg
Falkmanite

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
00409390017271923071388.jpg
Falkmanite, etc.

Boliden Mine, Boliden, Skellefteå, Västerbotten County, Sweden
01158660017517654145628.jpg
Falkmanite, etc.

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
00444560017271923057447.jpg
Falkmanite

Bayerland mine, Pfaffenreuth, Leonberg, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany
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About FalkmaniteHide

03107050017271923144502.jpg
Oscar C. A. Falkman
Formula:
Pb3Sb2S6
Previously given as Pb5.4Sb3.6S11. ICDD 35-595
Colour:
Gray-black to lead black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.24
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in honor of Oscar Carl August Falkman [25 December 1877, Stockholm, Sweden - 10 July 1961, Stockholm, Sweden], General director of the Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag.
A mineral closely related to boulangerite, or possibly only a lead-rich variety of the latter.
Although the IMA currently considers falkmanite as a grandfathered species, an IMA Commission report (Moëlo et al., 2008) is undecided on the status and concludes that "A solution of the crystal structure of falkmanite is necessary for its definite classification." The XRD patterns of boulangerite and falkmanite are similar.
According to Schultz et al. (2017), "falkmanite" is boulangerite.

Originally described from Bayerland Mine, Pfaffenreuth, Waldsassen, Oberpfälzer Wald, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
1446
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1446:1

IMA Classification of FalkmaniteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+3Sb3+2S2-6
Type description reference:
Hiller, J.-E. (1940) Über den Falkmanit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 102 (1-6). p.138-142. doi:10.1524/zkri.1940.102.1.138

Classification of FalkmaniteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
2.HC.15

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
C : With only Pb
Dana 8th ed.:
3.5.2.2

3 : SULFOSALTS
5 : 2.5 < ø < 3

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
FmnIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of FalkmaniteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Gray-black to lead black
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
distinct (010)
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
6.24 g/cm3 (Measured)    6.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of FalkmaniteHide

Anisotropism:
Distinct
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
440nm35.2%45.9%
460nm35.2%44.8%
470nm35.2%44.9%
480nm35.1%44.0%
500nm34.9%43.4%
520nm34.6%43.0%
540nm34.2%42.8%
546nm34.1%42.7%
560nm33.9%42.3%
580nm33.5%41.5%
589nm33.3%41.2%
600nm33.1%40.8%
620nm32.7%40.0%
640nm32.3%39.3%
650nm32.1%39.0%
660nm31.8%38.6%
680nm31.4%38.0%
700nm30.9%37.3%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 45.9%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Galena white
Internal Reflections:
Red

Chemistry of FalkmaniteHide

Mindat Formula:
Pb3Sb2S6

Previously given as Pb5.4Sb3.6S11. ICDD 35-595
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Pb58.780 %
Sb23.028 %
S18.193 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Pb
Sb
S
Elements listed:
Pb, S, Sb - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of FalkmaniteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 21.628 Å, b = 23.520 Å, c = 8.120 Å
β = 100.81°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.92 : 1 : 0.345
Unit Cell V:
4,057.27 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Twinning:
rare
Comment:
Point Group n.d.; Space Group n.d.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
4.41 Å(10)
4.20 Å(20)
3.91 Å(10)
3.73 Å(100)
3.59 Å(10)
3.45 Å(10)
3.33 Å(20)
3.22 Å(20)
3.13 Å(10)
3.04 Å(50)
2.85 Å(10)
2.81 Å(90)
2.72 Å(10)
2.61 Å(10)
2.44 Å(10)
2.40 Å(20)
2.33 Å(10)
2.26 Å(20)
2.15 Å(10)
2.11 Å(10)
2.06 Å(60)
1.998 Å(10)
1.931 Å(10)
1.864 Å(70)
1.798 Å(10)
Comments:
ICDD 35-595 "Structurally related to boulangerite which belongs to the boulangerite homologous series with the general formula M9S11. Lillianite group, ramdohrite sub-group.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of FalkmaniteHide

Other Language Names for FalkmaniteHide

German:Falkmanit
Simplified Chinese:针硫锑铅矿
Spanish:Falkmanita

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
49 photos of Falkmanite associated with GalenaPbS
34 photos of Falkmanite associated with ArsenopyriteFeAsS
25 photos of Falkmanite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
21 photos of Falkmanite associated with PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
19 photos of Falkmanite associated with Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S
18 photos of Falkmanite associated with BournonitePbCuSbS3
18 photos of Falkmanite associated with QuartzSiO2
16 photos of Falkmanite associated with PyriteFeS2
14 photos of Falkmanite associated with GeocronitePb14Sb6S23
9 photos of Falkmanite associated with JamesonitePb4FeSb6S14

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.HC.BernarlottiitePb6(As5Sb3)S18Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.HuntingdonitePb19Sb16As6S51Cl2Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.MoiraitePb12Sb8As8S36Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05fParapierrotiteTlSb5S8Mon. m
2.HC.05gMarumoitePb32As40S92Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05bBaumhauerite II
2.HC.05dRathiteAg2Pb12-xTlx/2As18+x/2S40Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.05eHeptasartoriteTl7Pb22As55S108Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.05dDufrénoysitePb2As2S5Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05eHendekasartoriteTl2Pb48As82S172Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.05bArgentobaumhaueriteAg1.5Pb22As33.5S72Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05cArgentoliveingiteAg3+xPb36-2xAs51+xS112Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05bBaumhaueritePb12As16S36Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05dVeenitePb16Sb9-xAs7+xS40, x ~ 0-0.5Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05eDekatriasartoriteTlPb58As97S204Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.05aHyršlitePb8As10Sb6S32Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05eIncomsartoriteTl6Pb144As246S516Mon. 2/m
2.HC.05cLiveingitePb20As24S56Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05cJohnjamboritePb14Sb8.5As7.5S38Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05fPierrotiteTl2(Sb,As)10S16Orth. mm2 : Pna21
2.HC.05dRathite-IVPbAs2S4
2.HC.05dArgentodufrénoysiteAg3Pb26As35S80Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05eÉcrinsiteAgTl3Pb4As11Sb9S36Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05aSartoritePbAs2S4Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.HC.05aTwinnite Pb0.8Tl0.1Sb1.3As0.8S4Mon. 2/m
2.HC.05fPhilrothiteTlAs3S5Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.05hPolloneiteAgPb46As26Sb23S120Mon. 2 : P21
2.HC.05aGuettarditePb8(Sb0.56As0.44)16S32Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.10aFülöppitePb3Sb8S15Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10dSemseyitePb9Sb8S21Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10dRayitePb8(Ag,Tl)2Sb8S21Mon.
2.HC.10cHeteromorphitePb7Sb8S19Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10bPlagionitePb5Sb8S17Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.15BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.20RobinsonitePb4Sb6S13Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.HC.25MoëloitePb6Sb6S14(S3)Orth. 222 : P21212
2.HC.30DadsonitePb23Sb25S60ClTric. 1 : P1
2.HC.35ZoubekiteAgPb4Sb4S10Orth.
2.HC.35Proto-owyheeiteAg9Pb40Sb45S112Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.35OwyheeiteAg3Pb10Sb11S28Mon. 2/m
2.HC.40ParasterryiteAg4Pb20Sb14As10S58Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.HC.50LopatkaitePb5Sb3AsS11Mon. 2/m : P21/b

Fluorescence of FalkmaniteHide

In UV light:
Not fluorescent in UV

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for FalkmaniteHide

References for FalkmaniteHide

Reference List:
Hiller, J.-E. (1940) Über den Falkmanit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 102 (1-6). p.138-142. doi:10.1524/zkri.1940.102.1.138
Ramdohr, P., Ödman, O. (1940) Falkmanit, ein neues Bleispieβglanzerz, und sein Vorkommen, besonders in Boliden und Grube Bayerland. (Mit einem Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Geokronits). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie: A75: 315-350.
(1940) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 25 (4) 312-314
Hiller, J.-E. (1940) Über den Falkmanit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 102 (1-6). p.138-142. doi:10.1524/zkri.1940.102.1.138
Robinson, S. C. (1948) The identity of falkmanite and yenerite with boulangerite. American Mineralogist, 33 (11-12). p.716-723.
Fleischer, M. (1949) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 34 (3-4). 339
Hiller, J.E. (1955) Falkmanite and its distinction from boulangerite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1955: 1-10.
Mozgova, N.N., Bortnikov, N.S., Tsepin, A.I., Borodaev, Yu.S., Vrublevskaya, S.V., Vyal'sov, L.N., Kuz'mina, O.V., Sivtsov, A.V. (1983) Falkmanite, Pb5.4Sb3.6S11, new data and relationship with sulfantimonites of lead (re-examination of type material from Bayerland Mine, Bavaria). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen: 147: 80-98.
Dunn, Pete J.; Cabri, Louis J.; Chao, George Y.; Fleischer, Michael; Francis, Carl A.; Grice, Joel D.; Jambor, John L.; Pabst, Adolf (1984) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 69 (3-4). 406-412
McQueen, K. G. (1987) A Second Occurrence of Falkmanite: Pinnacles Mine, Broken Hill. New South Wales. The Canadian Mineralogist, 25 (1) 15-19
Jambor, John L. (1988) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 73 (5-6). 666-667
Mumme, W. (1989) The crystal structure of Pb5.05(Sb3.75Bi0.28)S10.72Se0.28: boulangerite of near ideal composition. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1989 (11) 498-512
Pruseth, K. L., Mishra, B., Bernhardt, H. J. (1997) Phase relations in the Cu2S-PbS-Sb2S3 system; an experimental appraisal and application to natural polymetallic sulfide ores. Economic Geology, 92 (6). 720-732 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.6.720
Pruseth, Kamal L., Mishra, Biswajit, Bernhardt, Heinz-J. (2001) The minerals boulangerite, falkmanite and Cu-free meneghinite: synthesis, new powder diffraction data and stability relations. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (2) 411-419 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/01/0013-0411
Moëlo, Yves, Makovicky, Emil, Mozgova, Nadejda N., Jambor, John L., Cook, Nigel, Pring, Allan, Paar, Werner, Nickel, Ernest H., Graeser, Stephan, Karup-Møller, Sven, Balic-Žunic, Tonči, Mumme, William G., Vurro, Filippo, Topa, Dan (2008) Sulfosalt systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalt sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20 (1) 7-62 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1778
Schultz, Peter; Nietschke, Frederik; Wagner, Gerald; Eikemeier, Christoph; Eisenburger, Lucien; Oeckler, Oliver (2017) The Crystal Structures of Pb5Sb4S11 (Boulangerite) – A Phase Transition Explains Seemingly Contradictory Structure Models. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 643 (21). p.1531-1542. doi:10.1002/zaac.201700259

Localities for FalkmaniteHide

Showing 23 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Yancowinna Co.
      • Broken Hill district
McQueen (1987) +2 other references
  • Northern Territory
    • Coomalie Shire
      • Batchelor
Fleminig +4 other references
Bolivia
 
  • Potosí
    • Antonio Quijarro Province
      • Porco Municipality
        • Agua de Castilla
          • Porco
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009)
China
 
  • Inner Mongolia
    • Chifeng City (Ulanhad League; Chifeng Prefecture)
      • Hexigten Banner (Keshiketeng Co.)
Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) +1 other reference
      • Linxi County
Xilong Wang et al. (2014)
    • Hulunbuir City (Hulunbei'er Prefecture)
      • New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Youqi)
Han et al. (2022) +1 other reference
  • Tibet
    • Xigazê Prefecture (Rikaze Prefecture; Shigatse Prefecture)
      • Namling Co. (Nanmulin Co.)
Li et al. (2020)
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Franconia
      • Bayreuth District
Knauer et al. (1968) +1 other reference
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Tirschenreuth District
        • Leonberg
          • Pfaffenreuth
Clark (1993)
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Plaka
          • Plaka Mines
Voudouris et al. (2008)
India
 
  • Tamil Nadu
    • Chengalpattu district
Deepthi et al. (2015)
Kosovo
 
  • Mitrovica District
    • Mitrovica
      • Trepça complex
Féraud J. (1979)
North Macedonia
 
  • Kavadarci Municipality
    • Ržanovo
Janković (1993)
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Karkonosze County
      • Szklarska Poręba
Kozłowski et al. (2024)
Kozłowski et al. (2024)
Romania
 
  • Hunedoara County
    • Certeju de Sus
Dincă et al. (2022)
Russia
 
  • Republic of Karelia
    • Pitkyarantsky District
      • Alattu-Pakula-Janis ore field
Ivashchenko et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Serbia
 
Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013)
  • Central Serbia
    • Belgrade
      • Voždovac
Cissarz et al. (1957)
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Rimavská Sobota District
Koděra et al. (1986)
  • Prešov Region
    • Prešov District
      • Zlatá Baňa
Duda et. all.
Sweden
 
  • Västerbotten County
    • Skellefteå
      • Boliden
Nordfeldt (2025)
Robinson (1948)
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