Bikitaite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bikitaite
Formula:
LiAlSi2O6 · H2O
Colour:
Colorless, White
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
2.28 - 2.34
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1957 by Cornelius Searle Hurlbut, Jr. for the type locality at Bikita, Masvingo (Fort Victoria), Masvingo, Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia).
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
670
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:670:9
IMA Classification of Bikitaite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
LiAlSi2O6·H2O
First published:
1957
Classification of Bikitaite
9.GD.55
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
D : Chains of 6-membered rings – tabular zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
D : Chains of 6-membered rings – tabular zeolites
Dana 7th ed.:
77.2.1.1
77.2.1.1
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
2 : Zeolite group - related species
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
2 : Zeolite group - related species
16.1.6
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bik | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Bikitaite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, White
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on the {100}, Good on the {001}
Perfect on the {100}, Good on the {001}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.28 - 2.34 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.3 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bikitaite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.510 nβ = 1.521 nγ = 1.523
2V:
Measured: 45°
Birefringence:
0.013
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.013
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Low (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r
Optical Extinction:
X^c = 28°, Z=b
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Bikitaite
Mindat Formula:
LiAlSi2O6 · H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Bikitaite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pedial
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.606 Å, b = 4.9573 Å, c = 7.597 Å
α = 89.89°, β = 114.42°, γ = 89.96°
α = 89.89°, β = 114.42°, γ = 89.96°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.736 : 1 : 1.532
Unit Cell V:
295.11 ų
Z:
1
Morphology:
Granular; bladed crystals are rare
Comment:
Originally determined as monoclinic
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006966 | Bikitaite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2003) Effects of pressure on the structure of bikitaite European Journal of Mineralogy 15 247-255 | 2003 | King's Mountain, North Carolina, USA | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0006964 | Bikitaite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2003) Effects of pressure on the structure of bikitaite European Journal of Mineralogy 15 247-255 | 2003 | King's Mountain, North Carolina, USA | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0006965 | Bikitaite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2003) Effects of pressure on the structure of bikitaite European Journal of Mineralogy 15 247-255 | 2003 | King's Mountain, North Carolina, USA | 3.2 | 293 | |
| 0003191 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Ceriani C, Fois E, Gamba A, Cruciani G (2004) Dehydration dynamics of bikitaite: I. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 89 94-101 |  | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003190 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Ceriani C, Fois E, Gamba A, Cruciani G (2004) Dehydration dynamics of bikitaite: I. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 89 94-101 | | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003189 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Ceriani C, Fois E, Gamba A, Cruciani G (2004) Dehydration dynamics of bikitaite: I. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 89 94-101 | | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003188 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Ceriani C, Fois E, Gamba A, Cruciani G (2004) Dehydration dynamics of bikitaite: I. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 89 94-101 | | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002910 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Fois E, Gamba A, Tabacchi G (2002) High-pressure behaviour of bikitaite: An integrated theoretical and experimental approach American Mineralogist 87 1415-1425 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000394 | Bikitaite | Kocman V, Gait R I, Rucklidge J C (1974) The crystal structure of bikitaite, Li[AlSi2O6].H2O American Mineralogist 59 71-78 | | 1974 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002911 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Fois E, Gamba A, Tabacchi G (2002) High-pressure behaviour of bikitaite: An integrated theoretical and experimental approach American Mineralogist 87 1415-1425 | | 2002 | 5.7 | 293 | |
| 0002912 | Bikitaite | Ferro O, Quartieri S, Vezzalini G, Fois E, Gamba A, Tabacchi G (2002) High-pressure behaviour of bikitaite: An integrated theoretical and experimental approach American Mineralogist 87 1415-1425 | | 2002 | 9 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.21 Å | (100) |
| 8.04 Å | (70) |
| 7.84 Å | (80) |
| 6.95 Å | (40) |
| 6.84 Å | (20) |
| 4.19 Å | (40) |
| 4.08 Å | (30) |
| 4.03 Å | (40) |
| 3.40 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Granite pegmatite
Type Occurrence of Bikitaite
General Appearance of Type Material:
colorless glassy grains
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 106822.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Granite pegmatite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Bikitaite
Relationship of Bikitaite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Zeolite Group:
| Alflarsenite | NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Ammonioleucite | (NH4)(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Arzamastsevite | K6Al5Si6O20(OH)4Cl | Tet. 42m : I42m |
| Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O | Hex. |
| Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma |
| Brewsterite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup | M[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O | |
| Chiavennite | CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Clinoptilolite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)3-6[Al6-7Si29-30O72] · 20H2O | |
| Cowlesite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Dachiardite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn |
| Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Epistilbite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O | Mon. |
| Erionite Subgroup | M2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O | |
| Fabrièsite | Na3Al3Si3O12 · 2H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pmm2 |
| Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O | |
| Ferrierite Subgroup | Name used for unanalysed specimens that could be either ferrierite-K, ferrierite-Mg, ... | |
| Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Garronite Subgroup | ||
| Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Gismondine Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Gmelinite Subgroup | In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K. | |
| Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Goosecreekite | Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmca |
| Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O | |
| Hsianghualite | Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 | Iso. 23 : I213 |
| Kalborsite | K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl | Tet. 42m : P421c |
| Kirchhoffite | Cs(BSi2O6) | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Limousinite | BaCa[Be4P4O16] · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Lithosite | K6Al4Si8O25 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| Loomisite | Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2O | Mon. m |
| Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O | Orth. |
| Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn |
| Mazzite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Meierite | Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Im3m |
| Merlinoite | K5Ca2(Si23Al9)O64 · 24H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Immm |
| Montesommaite | (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O | Orth. |
| Mountainite | KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Natrolite Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O | Hex. 6m2 : P6m2 |
| Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O | Iso. 23 : I23 |
| Parthéite | Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Paulingite Subgroup | Paulingite was originally described in 1960. | |
| Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6/mmm |
| Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O | |
| Pollucite | (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d |
| Roggianite | Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mcm |
| Rongibbsite | Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O | |
| Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| Thomsonite Subgroup | The large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca. | |
| Thornasite | Na12Th4+3(Si8O19)4 · 18H2O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m |
| 'UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNa' | Na-Ca-Al-Si-O-H | |
| 'UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNa' | K7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O | |
| 'UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa' | (Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2O | Tet. 422 : P4122 |
| 'Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite)' | (Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ? | |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Weinebeneite | CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O | Hex. 6m2 : P62m |
| Wilancookite | (Ba5Li2◻)Ba6Be24P24O96 · 26H2O | Iso. 23 : I23 |
| Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Pb |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Bikitaite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 4 photos of Bikitaite associated with Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 2 photos of Bikitaite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 2 photos of Bikitaite associated with 'Apatite' | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| 1 photo of Bikitaite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 1 photo of Bikitaite associated with Fairfieldite | Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-Ca | Ca2(Si8Al4)O24 · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-K | K4(Si8Al4O24) · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-Na | Na4(Si8Al4)O24 · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Mg | (Mg0.7K0.5Ca0.5Na0.1)[Al3Si9O24] · 10H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2,Sr,Mg)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca,Sr,Mg)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Sr | Sr2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.15 | Lévyne-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O |
| 9.GD.15 | Lévyne-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O |
| 9.GD.25 | Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.25 | Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Mg | (Mg,Na2,Ca)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Na | (Na2,Ca,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.35 | Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.35 | Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-K | K4(Si20Al4O48) · 13H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O |
| 9.GD.45 | Epistilbite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-K | (K,Na)5(Si31Al5)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-Mg | [Mg2(K,Na)2Ca0.5](Si29Al7)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-Na | (Na,K)5(Si31Al5)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-NH4 | (NH4,Mg0.5)5(Al5Si31O72) · 22H2O |
Fluorescence of Bikitaite
Not fluorescent in UV, but may be associated with red-fluorescing eucryptite
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bikitaite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-670.html
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References for Bikitaite
Reference List:
Hurlbut, Cornelius S. (1957) Bikitaite, LiAlSi2O6·H2O, a new mineral from Southern Rhodesia. American Mineralogist, 42 (11-12) 792-797
Leavens, Peter B., Hurlbut, C. S., Nelen, and Joseph A. (1968) Eucryptite and bikitaite from King's Mountain, North Carolina. American Mineralogist, 53 (7-8) 1202-1207
Kocman, Vladimir, Gait, Robert I., Rucklidge, and John (1974) The crystal structure of bikitaite, Li[AlSi2O6]·H2O. American Mineralogist, 59 (1-2) 71-78
Annehed, Håkan, Fälth, Lars (1984) The crystal structure of Cs0.35Al0.35Si2.65O6, a cesium-aluminosilicate with the bikitaite framework. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 166 (3-4). 301-306 doi:10.1524/zkri.1984.166.3-4.301
Ståhl, Kenny, Kvick, Åke, Ghose, Subrata (1989) One-dimensional water chain in the zeolite bikitaite: Neutron diffraction study at 13 and 295 K. Zeolites, 9 (4) 303-311 doi:10.1016/0144-2449(89)90076-6
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, et al. (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6). 1571-1606
Quartieri, Simona, Sani, A., Vezzalini, G., Galli, E., Fois, E., Gamba, A., Tabacchi, G. (1999) One-dimensional ice in bikitaite: single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy and ab-initio molecular dynamics studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 30 (1). 77-87 doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(99)00027-x
Kolesov, Boris A., Geiger, Charles A. (2002) Raman spectroscopic study of H2O in bikitaite: “One-dimensional ice”. American Mineralogist, 87 (10) 1426-1431 doi:10.2138/am-2002-1019
Comodi, Paola, Gatta, Giacomo Diego, Zanazzi, Pier Francesco (2003) Effects of pressure on the structure of bikitaite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 15 (2) 247-255 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2003/0015-0247
Localities for Bikitaite
Showing 8 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Canada | |
| Tindle et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Chandrakumara et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| White (1969) +3 other references |
Zimbabwe | |
| Goodenough et al. (2025) |
| Fernando Brederodes specimen photo ID ... |
| Hurlbut (1957) +1 other reference |
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Foote Lithium Co. Mine, Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, USA