Cowlesite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Cowlesite
John Cowles collecting at Altoona, Wa in 1971
Unnamed Basalt quarry, Altoona, Wahkiakum County, Washington, USA
Unnamed Basalt quarry, Altoona, Wahkiakum County, Washington, USA
Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
2.14
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1975 in honor of John Cowles (9 January 1907, Nebraska, USA - 13 December 1985, Oregon, USA) of Rainier, Oregon, amateur mineralogist and enthusiastic zeolite collector, whose deep interest in zeolite mineralogy led him to discover new localities for ferrierite, dachiardite, erionite and the co-type locality for cavansite. Pronounced kōl-sait.
Co-Type Localities:
ⓘ Monte Lake, Kamloops Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
ⓘ Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
ⓘ North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
ⓘ Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
ⓘ North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
ⓘ Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA
Zeolite Group.
Unlike other zeolites, cowlesite has a very limited compositional range (Vezzalini et al., 1992).
The crystal structure resisted its determination by X-ray diffraction methods for a very long time, and only in 2020 the structure could be finally solved by electron diffraction under cryo conditions (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).
Cowlesite is the only two-dimensional (2D) zeolite known in nature. Under vacuum, it transforms in a few seconds to a 3D zeolite framework. The latter has a much reduced unit-cell paramater c, 25.586(3) Å.
A C-centered monoclinic polymorph with parameters a = 23.8(5), b = 25.8(5), c = 15.9(3) Å, β = 99.5°, and space group Cm was also found by electron diffraction (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).
Cowlesite can be visually similar to thomsonite, but distinguished by surface characteristics and cleavage. Vug linings of thomsonite appear smooth due to the flat crystal terminations. In contrast, linings of cowlesite appear rough, under 30x magnification, due to sharply pointed blades. In addition, thomsonite intergrowths are tough and relatively hard, while cowlesite intergrowths are easily cleaved and soft, similar to gypsum.
Unlike other zeolites, cowlesite has a very limited compositional range (Vezzalini et al., 1992).
The crystal structure resisted its determination by X-ray diffraction methods for a very long time, and only in 2020 the structure could be finally solved by electron diffraction under cryo conditions (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).
Cowlesite is the only two-dimensional (2D) zeolite known in nature. Under vacuum, it transforms in a few seconds to a 3D zeolite framework. The latter has a much reduced unit-cell paramater c, 25.586(3) Å.
A C-centered monoclinic polymorph with parameters a = 23.8(5), b = 25.8(5), c = 15.9(3) Å, β = 99.5°, and space group Cm was also found by electron diffraction (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).
Cowlesite can be visually similar to thomsonite, but distinguished by surface characteristics and cleavage. Vug linings of thomsonite appear smooth due to the flat crystal terminations. In contrast, linings of cowlesite appear rough, under 30x magnification, due to sharply pointed blades. In addition, thomsonite intergrowths are tough and relatively hard, while cowlesite intergrowths are easily cleaved and soft, similar to gypsum.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1145
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1145:3
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Cowlesite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Ca(Al2Si3)O10·5-6H2O
Approval year:
1975
First published:
1975
Classification of Cowlesite
9.GG.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
G : Unclassified zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
G : Unclassified zeolites
77.1.5.8
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.9.28
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cow | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Cowlesite
Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010}
{010}
Density:
2.14(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 2.05 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cowlesite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.505 - 1.513 nβ = 1.509 - 1.516 nγ = 1.509 - 1.518
2V:
Measured: 44° to 53°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.004 - 0.005
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Low (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = b; Z = c.
Chemistry of Cowlesite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Na,K
Crystallography of Cowlesite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 23.116(8) Å, b = 24.891(7) Å, c = 30.468(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.929 : 1 : 1.224
Unit Cell V:
17,530.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Type material:
Simple blades, showing only three forms: {010}, {001}, and {101}. Crystals can exceed 0.3 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width, but thicknesses are less than 2 μm.
Simple blades, showing only three forms: {010}, {001}, and {101}. Crystals can exceed 0.3 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width, but thicknesses are less than 2 μm.
Comment:
Space group Ccme (non-standard setting of space group Cmce). Originally reported cell: a 11.27, b 15.25, c 12.61 Å. Originally, a doubled cell with a 23.3, b 30.6, c 25.0 A is also reported (Vezzalini et al., 1992); this was later found to be the true cell..
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.2 Å | (100) |
| 3.81 Å | (35) |
| 2.964 Å | (35) |
| 2.934 Å | (25) |
| 3.052 Å | (20) |
| 5.08 Å | (17) |
| 7.62 Å | (15) |
Comments:
The perfect cleavage makes it impossible to obtain a suitable XRD powder by ordinary grinding with a mortar and pestle.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) |
Type Occurrence of Cowlesite
Co-Type Localities:
ⓘ Monte Lake, Kamloops Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
ⓘ Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
ⓘ North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
ⓘ Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Unnamed wash, adjacent to State Route 177, Superior area, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
ⓘ North Table Mountain, Golden, Golden Mining District, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA
ⓘ Neer Road, Goble, Columbia County, Oregon, USA
ⓘ Beech Creek Quarry, Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon, USA
General Appearance of Type Material:
Sometimes visually similar to thomsonite. Thin cavity linings, to 0.5 mm thick, growing as radially oriented blades. As sprays of blades up to 2 mm, and rarely as sprays of delicate, single blades. Blades always < 2 μm thick.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 6720, 6721.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 135026.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 135026.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In amygdules in basalt. Also in scoria.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Cowlesite
Other Language Names for Cowlesite
Relationship of Cowlesite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Zeolite Group:
| Alflarsenite | NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Ammonioleucite | (NH4)(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Arzamastsevite | K6Al5Si6O20(OH)4Cl | Tet. 42m : I42m |
| Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O | Hex. |
| Bikitaite | LiAlSi2O6 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma |
| Brewsterite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup | M[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O | |
| Chiavennite | CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Clinoptilolite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)3-6[Al6-7Si29-30O72] · 20H2O | |
| Dachiardite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn |
| Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Epistilbite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O | Mon. |
| Erionite Subgroup | M2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O | |
| Fabrièsite | Na3Al3Si3O12 · 2H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pmm2 |
| Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O | |
| Ferrierite Subgroup | Name used for unanalysed specimens that could be either ferrierite-K, ferrierite-Mg, ... | |
| Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Garronite Subgroup | ||
| Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Gismondine Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Gmelinite Subgroup | In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K. | |
| Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Goosecreekite | Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmca |
| Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O | |
| Hsianghualite | Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 | Iso. 23 : I213 |
| Kalborsite | K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl | Tet. 42m : P421c |
| Kirchhoffite | Cs(BSi2O6) | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Limousinite | BaCa[Be4P4O16] · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Lithosite | K6Al4Si8O25 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| Loomisite | Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2O | Mon. m |
| Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O | Orth. |
| Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn |
| Mazzite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Meierite | Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Im3m |
| Merlinoite | K5Ca2(Si23Al9)O64 · 24H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Immm |
| Montesommaite | (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O | Orth. |
| Mountainite | KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Natrolite Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O | Hex. 6m2 : P6m2 |
| Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O | Iso. 23 : I23 |
| Parthéite | Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Paulingite Subgroup | Paulingite was originally described in 1960. | |
| Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6/mmm |
| Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O | |
| Pollucite | (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d |
| Roggianite | Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mcm |
| Rongibbsite | Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O | |
| Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| Thomsonite Subgroup | The large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca. | |
| Thornasite | Na12Th4+3(Si8O19)4 · 18H2O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m |
| 'UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNa' | Na-Ca-Al-Si-O-H | |
| 'UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNa' | K7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O | |
| 'UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa' | (Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2O | Tet. 422 : P4122 |
| 'Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite)' | (Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ? | |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Weinebeneite | CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O | Hex. 6m2 : P62m |
| Wilancookite | (Ba5Li2◻)Ba6Be24P24O96 · 26H2O | Iso. 23 : I23 |
| Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Pb |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 34 photos of Cowlesite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 31 photos of Cowlesite associated with Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| 31 photos of Cowlesite associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
| 28 photos of Cowlesite associated with Smectite Group | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| 28 photos of Cowlesite associated with Lévyne | |
| 24 photos of Cowlesite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 17 photos of Cowlesite associated with Chabazite | |
| 13 photos of Cowlesite associated with Lévyne-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O |
| 9 photos of Cowlesite associated with Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O |
| 9 photos of Cowlesite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GG.10 | Mountainite | KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cowlesite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1145.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Cowlesite
Reference List:
Wise, William S., Tschernich, Rudy W. (1975) Cowlesite a new Ca-zeolite. American Mineralogist, 60 (11-12) 951-956
Nawaz, Rab (1984) New data on cowlesite from Northern Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (349) 565-566 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.349.19
Vezzalini, Giovanna, Artioli, Gilberto, Quartieri, Simona, Foy, Harry (1992) The crystal chemistry of cowlesite. Mineralogical Magazine, 56 (385) 575-579 doi:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.385.13
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, et al. (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6). 1571-1606
Gemmi, Mauro; Mugnaioli, Enrico; David, Jeremy; Cruciani, Giuseppe; Merlini, Marco (2017) Structural model of cowlesite by fast electron diffraction tomography. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 73 (a2). p.C1285. doi:10.1107/s2053273317082900
Gemmi, Mauro; Mugnaioli, Enrico; David, Jeremy; Cruciani, Giuseppe; Merlini, Marco (2017) Structural model of cowlesite by fast electron diffraction tomography. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 73 (a2). p.C999. doi:10.1107/s2053273317085758
Mugnaioli, Enrico; Lanza, Arianna E.; Bortolozzi, Giorgio; Righi, Lara; Merlini, Marco; Cappello, Valentina; Marini, Lara; Athanassiou, Athanassia; Gemmi, Mauro (2020) Electron Diffraction on Flash-Frozen Cowlesite Reveals the Structure of the First Two-Dimensional Natural Zeolite. ACS Central Science, 6 (9). p.1578-1586. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.9b01100
Localities for Cowlesite
Showing 101 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Karandoli, Lonavala, Pune District, Pune Division, Maharashtra, India