Kihlmanite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Alfred Oswald Kairamo (Kihlman)
Formula:
Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2(H2O)
Colour:
Brown, reddish-brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
3.66
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
In honour of Alfred Oswald Kihlman (October 4, 1858 Pietarsaari - July 29, 1938 Hattula), a Finnish geographer and botanist who participated in the Wilhelm Ramsay expeditions to the Khibiny Mountains in 1891–1892. The name also reflects its occurrence at the Kihlman (Chil'man) Mountain.
Type Locality:
Closely related to tundrite-(Ce), both in terms of chemistry and structure; has a unique combination of elements nevertheless. First mineral containing cerium and bicarbonate; third REE bicarbonate mineral after mineevite-(Y) and thomasclarkite-(Y). Compare 'UM1980-15-SiO:REETi'.
The structure is based on complex Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2 layers || (001). They comprise chains of edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra connected by isolated SiO4 anions, thus forming sheets. Ce is located on the sheet sides, and is surrounded by bicarbonate groups. One Ca atom is interlayer (site occupancy 25%), the other is between the chains (site occupancy 20%).
The structure is based on complex Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2 layers || (001). They comprise chains of edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra connected by isolated SiO4 anions, thus forming sheets. Ce is located on the sheet sides, and is surrounded by bicarbonate groups. One Ca atom is interlayer (site occupancy 25%), the other is between the chains (site occupancy 20%).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
43601
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:43601:6
Similar Names
| Kleemanite | A valid IMA mineral species | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
IMA Classification of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Approved
IMA Formula:
Ce3+2Ti4+O2(SiO4)(HCO3)2·H2O
Approval year:
2012
First published:
2014
Type description reference:
Yakovenchuk, V. N., Krivovichev, S.V., Ivanyuk, G. Y., Pakhomovsky, Ya. A., Selivanova, E.A., Zhitova, E. A., Kalashnikova, G. O., Zolotarev, A. A., Mikhailova, J. A., Kadyrova, G. I. (2014) Kihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), a new rare-earth mineral from the pegmatites of the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 483-496 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.01
Classification of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
9.AH.60
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
H : Nesosilicates with CO3, SO4, PO4, etc.
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
H : Nesosilicates with CO3, SO4, PO4, etc.
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kih-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Silky when in aggregates
Colour:
Brown, reddish-brown
Comment:
Yellowish-brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Pale yellowish-brown
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Comment:
∼3
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}
on {010}
Parting:
Perpendicular to c.
Fracture:
Step-Like
Density:
3.66(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.694 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.708(5) nβ = 1.76(1) nγ = 1.82(1)
2V:
Calculated: 89°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.112
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
not observed
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
not observed.
Chemistry of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2(H2O)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
La,Nd,Nb,Na,Pr,Sm,(Al,Gd)
Crystallography of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Setting:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.994(2) Å, b = 7.54(2) Å, c = 15.48(4) Å
α = 103.5(4)°, β = 90.7(2)°, γ = 109.2(2)°
α = 103.5(4)°, β = 90.7(2)°, γ = 109.2(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.662 : 1 : 2.053
Unit Cell V:
532.74 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Spherulites and sheaf-like aggregates of prismatic crystals, flattened on {010}.
Comment:
From single-crystal X-ray diffraction data: a = 5.009(5), b = 7.533(5), c = 15.407(5) Å, α = 103.061(5), β = 91.006(5), γ = 109.285(5)°, V = 531.8(7) Å3, Z =2.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.11 Å | (100) |
| 7.508 Å | (20) |
| 6.912 Å | (12) |
| 4.993 Å | (14) |
| 3.563 Å | (15) |
| 3.198 Å | (11) |
| 3.065 Å | (12) |
| 2.896 Å | (15) |
Reference:
Yakovenchuk, V. N., Krivovichev, S.V., Ivanyuk, G. Y., Pakhomovsky, Ya. A., Selivanova, E.A., Zhitova, E. A., Kalashnikova, G. O., Zolotarev, A. A., Mikhailova, J. A., Kadyrova, G. I. (2014) Kihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), a new rare-earth mineral from the pegmatites of the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 483-496 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.01
Comments:
From Type Description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Type Occurrence of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Brown spherulites (up to 2 cm diameter) and sheaf-like aggregates of prismatic crystals, flattened on {010} and up to 0.5 mm diameter, in intimate association (intergrowths) with golden-green tundrite-(Ce).
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogical Museum of St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia, registration number 1/19598, and the Geological and the Mineralogical Museum of the Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Apatity, Russia, registration number GIM 67
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Intermediate zone of an arfvedsonite-aegirine-microcline vein in fenitized metavolcanic rock.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Yakovenchuk, V. N., Krivovichev, S.V., Ivanyuk, G. Y., Pakhomovsky, Ya. A., Selivanova, E.A., Zhitova, E. A., Kalashnikova, G. O., Zolotarev, A. A., Mikhailova, J. A., Kadyrova, G. I. (2014) Kihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), a new rare-earth mineral from the pegmatites of the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 483-496 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.01
Synonyms of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Other Language Names for Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Dutch:Kihlmaniet-(Ce)
German:Kihlmanit-(Ce)
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AH. | Fluorbritholite-(Nd) | Ca2Nd3(SiO4)3F |
| 9.AH.05 | Iimoriite-(Y) | Y2[SiO4][CO3] |
| 9.AH.10 | Tundrite-(Ce) | Na2Ce2Ti(SiO4)(CO3)2O2 |
| 9.AH.10 | Tundrite-(Nd) | Na2(Nd,Ce)2Ti(SiO4)(CO3)2O2 |
| 9.AH.15 | Galuskinite | Ca7(SiO4)3(CO3) |
| 9.AH.15 | Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| 9.AH.20 | Ternesite | Ca5(SiO4)2(SO4) |
| 9.AH.20 | Silicocarnotite | Ca5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4) |
| 9.AH.25 | Britholite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH |
| 9.AH.25 | Britholite-(Y) | (Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH |
| 9.AH.25 | Mattheddleite | Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH) |
| 9.AH.25 | Fluorbritholite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3F |
| 9.AH.25 | Fluorellestadite | Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5F |
| 9.AH.25 | Fluorbritholite-(La) | Ca2La3(SiO4)3F |
| 9.AH.25 | Fluorbritholite-(Y) | (Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3F |
| 9.AH.25 | Hydroxylellestadite | Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(OH) |
| 9.AH.25 | 'Calciobritholite' | (Ca,Y)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH) |
| 9.AH.25 | 'Britholite-(La)' | Ca2(La,Ce,Ca)3(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F) |
| 9.AH.25 | Tritomite-(Ce) | Ce5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O) |
| 9.AH.25 | Tritomite-(Y) | Y5(SiO4,BO4)3(O,OH,F) |
| 9.AH.25 | Fluorcalciobritholite | (Ca,REE)5(SiO4,PO4)3F |
| 9.AH.25 | Chlorellestadite | Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5Cl |
| 9.AH.35 | Dargaite | BaCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O3 |
| 9.AH.35 | Nabimusaite | KCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O2F |
| 9.AH.40 | Stracherite | BaCa6(SiO4)2[(PO4)(CO3)]F |
| 9.AH.40 | Zadovite | BaCa6[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)2F |
| 9.AH.40 | Gazeevite | BaCa6(SiO4)2(SO4)2O |
| 9.AH.45 | Flamite | Ca8-x(Na,K)x(SiO4)4-x(PO4)x |
| 9.AH.50 | Byzantievite | Ba5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti,Nb)18(SiO4)4[(PO4),(SiO4)]4(BO3)9O22[(OH),F]43(H2O)1.5 |
| 9.AH.55 | Greenwoodite | (Ba,V3+O)2V3+9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Si2O22 |
| 9.AH.65 | Tsangpoite | Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4) |
| 9.AH.70 | 'Enalite' | (Th,REE,Al) [(PO4),(SiO4),(OH)] |
Fluorescence of Kihlmanite-(Ce)
not observed
Other Information
Notes:
Reacts slowly in cold 10% HCl with weak effervescence and fragmentation into separate plates
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kihlmanite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-43601.html
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References for Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2013) IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification. CNMNC Newsletter No. 15. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (1) 1-12 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.1.01
Yakovenchuk, V. N., Krivovichev, S.V., Ivanyuk, G. Y., Pakhomovsky, Ya. A., Selivanova, E.A., Zhitova, E. A., Kalashnikova, G. O., Zolotarev, A. A., Mikhailova, J. A., Kadyrova, G. I. (2014) Kihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), a new rare-earth mineral from the pegmatites of the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 483-496 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.01
Localities for Kihlmanite-(Ce)
Showing 1 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Russia (TL) | |
| Williams et al. (2013) +2 other references |
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Khibiny Station, Kihlman Mountain, Murmansk Oblast, Russia