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Stannoidite

A valid IMA mineral species
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About StannoiditeHide

Formula:
Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12
Colour:
Brass brown
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
4.68 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
From stannite plus Greek "eides" or Latin "oïda", like, alluding to its similarity to that mineral.
See also omariniite (formerly "Ge-stannoidite").


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3748
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3748:4

IMA Classification of StannoiditeHide

Classification of StannoiditeHide

2.CB.15c

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
2.9.3.3

2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1
6.1.12

6 : Sulphosalts - Sulphostannates, Sulphogermanates,Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, Sulphovanadates and Sulphohalides
1 : Sulphostannates and other sulfides containing Sn

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
StaIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
StaThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of StannoiditeHide

Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Brass brown
Streak:
Dark brown-gray
Hardness:
Hardness:
VHN100=181 - 274 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.68 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of StannoiditeHide

Anisotropism:
Strong; dark orange-red to yellow-gray
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm17.5%18.9%
440nm18.2%20.3%
480nm20.8%23.0%
520nm22.8%25.3%
560nm24.6%27.1%
600nm26.2%28.4%
640nm27.8%29.5%
680nm29.6%30.5%
700nm30.3%30.8%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 30.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
pinkish brown
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
pale salmon-brown to brown

Chemistry of StannoiditeHide

Mindat Formula:
Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Cu39.162 %
S29.642 %
Sn18.290 %
Fe12.906 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Common Impurities:
Ag

Crystallography of StannoiditeHide

Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
222 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
I222
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.767 Å, b = 5.411 Å, c = 16.118 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.99 : 1 : 2.979
Unit Cell V:
939.04 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Massive, in veinlets, to 1 mm

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0010783StannoiditeKudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1976) The superstructure of stannoidite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 144 145-1601976Konjo mine, Japan0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.11 Å(100)
1.906 Å(70)
1.621 Å(20b)
2.70 Å(16)
4.83 Å(10)
5.40 Å(5)
4.13 Å(4)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of StannoiditeHide

Place of Conservation of Type Material:
1) Geological Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
2) National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, M16183.
3) National School of Mines, Paris, France.
4) National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 121005.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Synonyms of StannoiditeHide

Other Language Names for StannoiditeHide

Relationship of Stannoidite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of Stannite Group:
BriartiteCu2FeGeS4Tet.
ČernýiteCu2CdSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
FamatiniteCu3SbS4Tet. 42m : I42m
FerrokësteriteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
HocartiteAg2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
KësteriteCu2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
KeutschiteCu2AgAsS4Tet. 42m : I42m
KuramiteCu3SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
LuzoniteCu3AsS4Tet. 42m : I42m
OmariniiteCu8Fe2ZnGe2S12Orth. 222 : I222
PermingeatiteCu3SbSe4Tet. 42m : I42m
Petrukite(Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)3(Sn,In)S4Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
PirquitasiteAg2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
RichardsiteZn2CuGaS4Tet. 42m : I42m
StanniteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
'UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn'Cu2Fe2Sn3S7
'Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide)'CuZn2InS4
VelikiteCu2HgSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
ZincobriartiteCu2(Zn,Fe)(Ge,Ga)S4Tet. 42m : I42m
Structurally related to group(s):

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
46 photos of Stannoidite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
19 photos of Stannoidite associated with MawsoniteCu6Fe2SnS8
16 photos of Stannoidite associated with QuartzSiO2
16 photos of Stannoidite associated with CovelliteCuS
12 photos of Stannoidite associated with SphaleriteZnS
12 photos of Stannoidite associated with CassiteriteSnO2
11 photos of Stannoidite associated with BorniteCu5FeS4
11 photos of Stannoidite associated with ChalcociteCu2S
9 photos of Stannoidite associated with RoquesiteCuInS2
7 photos of Stannoidite associated with HemusiteCu6SnMoS8

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.CB.RichardsiteZn2CuGaS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.OkruginiteCu2SnSe3Mon. m : Bb
2.CB.HanswilkeiteKFeS2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.CB.AuroselenideAuSeMon. 2/m : B2/m
2.CB.Ruizhongite(Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8Iso. 43m : I43d
2.CB.AgmantiniteAg2MnSnS4Orth.
2.CB.TolstykhiteAu3S4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.GachingiteAu(Te1-xSex)Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.05aHawleyiteCdSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05'UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn'Cu2Fe3Zn5S10
2.CB.05aColoradoiteHgTeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aMetacinnabarHgSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aTiemanniteHgSeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aSphaleriteZnSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05bSakuraiite(Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 Iso.
2.CB.05cPolhemusite(Zn,Hg)STet.
2.CB.05aRudashevskyite(Fe,Zn)SIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aStilleiteZnSeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aIshiharaite(Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)SIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.07a'Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulphide)'Cu2MnSnS4
2.CB.07aShenzhuangiteNiFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10bTalnakhiteCu9(Fe,Ni)8S16Iso. 43m : I43m
2.CB.10bHaycockiteCu4Fe5S8Orth. 222
2.CB.10aLenaiteAgFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aGalliteCuGaS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aRoquesiteCuInS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aEskeborniteCuFeSe2Tet. 42m : P42c
2.CB.10a'UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn'Cu2Fe2Sn3S7
2.CB.10cOmariniiteCu8Fe2ZnGe2S12Orth. 222 : I222
2.CB.10aChalcopyriteCuFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10a'Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide)'CuZn2InS4
2.CB.10bMooihoekiteCu9Fe9S16Tet. 42m : P42m
2.CB.10aLaforêtiteAgInS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10bPutoraniteCu1.1Fe1.2S2Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pn3m
2.CB.15aVelikiteCu2HgSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15c'UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn'Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?)
2.CB.15aHocartiteAg2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15aKësteriteCu2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aPirquitasiteAg2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aStanniteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15bMohiteCu2SnS3Mon.
2.CB.15aČernýiteCu2CdSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15aIdaiteCu5FeS6Hex.
2.CB.15aFerrokësteriteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aKuramiteCu3SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.17a v'Arsenic-bearing Renierite'Cu11GeAsFe4S16
2.CB.20MawsoniteCu6Fe2SnS8Tet. 42m : P4m2
2.CB.20ChatkaliteCu6FeSn2S8Tet. 42m : P4m2
2.CB.30'Frieseite'Ag2Fe5S8 (?)
2.CB.30NekrasoviteCu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30'Argyropyrite'near Ag2Fe7S11
2.CB.30MaikainiteCu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.CB.30ColusiteCu13VAs3S16Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30GermaniteCu13Fe2Ge2S16Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30GermanocolusiteCu26V2(Ge,As)6S32Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.30StibiocolusiteCu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.30Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.35aMorozeviczite(Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.35aRenierite(Cu+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16Tet. 42m : P42c
2.CB.35aHemusiteCu6SnMoS8Iso.
2.CB.35bCatamarcaiteCu6GeWS8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.35aVincienniteCu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16Tet.
2.CB.35aKiddcreekiteCu6SnWS8Iso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.35aPolkovicite(Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.40LautiteCuAsSOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.CB.42LingbaoiteAgTe3Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.45CadmoseliteCdSeHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45RambergiteMnSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Buseckite(Fe,Zn,Mn)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45MaletoyvayamiteAu3Se4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.45GreenockiteCdSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.47MurchisiteCr5S6Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
2.CB.50'Zincselenide'ZnSe
2.CB.50WassoniteTiSTrig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CB.52'Dzhezkazganite'ReMoCu2PbS6 ?Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.55bIsocubaniteCuFe2S3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
2.CB.55aCubaniteCuFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.60RaguiniteTlFeS2Orth.
2.CB.60PicotpauliteTlFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
2.CB.65ArgentopyriteAgFe2S3Mon. 2/m
2.CB.65SternbergiteAgFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.70SulvaniteCu3VS4Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.75VulcaniteCuTeOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.80EmpressiteAgTeOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.85MuthmanniteAuAgTe2Mon. 2/m : P2/m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for StannoiditeHide

References for StannoiditeHide

Reference List:

Localities for StannoiditeHide

Showing 109 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Catamarca Province
    • Andalgalá Department
      • Andalgalá
Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references
PUTZ +1 other reference
PUTZ +2 other references
Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020)
        • Cerro Atajo
Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2007)
  • Córdoba Province
    • Calamuchita Department
      • Río de Los Sauces District
Mutti et al. (2005) +1 other reference
    • Minas Department
      • Ciénaga del Coro District
Sureda (1978)
  • Jujuy Province
    • Rinconada Department
      • Mina Pirquitas
Silver Standard Resources Inc
      • Rinconada
Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference
  • La Rioja Province
    • Famatina Department
      • La Mejicana mining area
Brotkorb (2002)
  • Río Negro Province
    • Valcheta Department
      • San Martin pluton
GOZALVEZ +2 other references
  • Salta Province
    • Los Andes department
      • San Antonio de los Cobres
        • El Quevar mining district
Brodtkorb (2002)
        • Organullo mining district
Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Hardinge Co.
      • Tingha
Markham et al. (1965) +1 other reference
  • Tasmania
    • West Coast municipality
      • Queenstown district
        • Queenstown
Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference
Bottrill et al. (2008)
Austria
 
  • Tyrol
    • Innsbruck-Land District
      • Neustift im Stubaital
        • Habicht
Vavtar (1986)
Bolivia
 
  • Oruro
    • Pantaleón Dalence Province
Franco (2018)
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) +1 other reference
  • Potosí
    • Rafael Bustillo Province
Springer (1968)
Bulgaria
 
  • Pazardzhik Province
    • Panagyurishte Municipality
      • Elshitsa
Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
      • Levski
Cook et al. (2002)
  • Sofia Province
    • Chelopech Municipality
Bonev +4 other references
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Kamloops Mining Division
      • Maggie claim group
        • Cache Creek
Singer et al. (2008)
    • Revelstoke Mining Division
      • Mount Cotterell
Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference
  • New Brunswick
    • Charlotte Co.
      • Saint George Parish
Adex Mining
  • Ontario
    • Cochrane District
      • Timmins
        • Kidd Township
Kidd Operations
  • Yukon
    • Watson Lake mining district
      • Cassiar Mountains
        • Screw Creek
Stephen
China
 
  • Fujian
    • Longyan
      • Shanghang Co.
Liu Wenyuan et al. (2014)
Zijin Mining Group Company Limited
  • Hunan
    • Hengyang
      • Changning Co.
Xiangmei Ren (1990)
  • Jiangxi
    • Shangrao
      • Dexing Co.
        • Yinshan ore field
Ye et al. (1998)
  • Qinghai
    • Hainan
      • Xinghai County
Liu et al. (2017)
Czech Republic
 
  • Karlovy Vary Region
    • Sokolov District
PAVLU (1984)
  • Ústí nad Labem Region
    • Chomutov District
      • Vejprty
Pauliš et al. (2020)
    • Teplice District
      • Dubí
Krátký et al. (2026)
DR Congo
 
  • Haut-Katanga
    • Kipushi Territory
      • Kipushi
Kampunzu et al. (2009)
Finland
 
  • Uusimaa
    • Loviisa
Cook et al. (2011)
Cook et al. (2011)
France
 
  • Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
    • Saône-et-Loire
      • Charolles
        • Chalmoux
Cesbron et al. (1985) +1 other reference
  • New Caledonia
    • Northern Province
      • Poum
Maurizot et al. (2020)
  • Nouvelle-Aquitaine
    • Creuse
      • Aubusson
        • Soumans
          • Montebras
Anthony et al. (1990) +2 other references
    • Haute-Vienne
      • Bellac
        • Vaulry
Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference
          • Vaulry Mines
Collected and XRD analysed by Michel ...
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza)
          • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck analyses (see also http://lavrion.gr/Minerals/Updates.html)
  • Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
    • Evros
      • Alexandroupoli
Voudouris et al. (2022)
Hungary
 
  • Heves County
    • Pétervására District
      • Recsk
India
 
  • Uttarakhand
    • Pithoragarh District
dst.gov.in (2003) +1 other reference
Japan
 
  • Aomori Prefecture
Nakata et al. (2011)
  • Fukui Prefecture
    • Ono City
Shimizu et al. (1987)
  • Hiroshima Prefecture
    • Ikuchi Island
Soeda et al. (1979) +1 other reference
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Ishikari Subprefecture
      • Sapporo City
IMAI et al. (1999) +2 other references
    • Shiribeshi Subprefecture
CHIMIZU (1993)
  • Hyogo Prefecture
    • Asago City
      • Ikuno-cho-ono
Shimizu et al. (1987)
Sadanaga et al. (1974)
    • Kawabe District
      • Inagawa-cho
KATO et al. (1969) +4 other references
    • Shisou City
Shimizu et al. (1987)
    • Yabu City
      • Oya-cho
Am Min 61:3-4 pp 260-265 +3 other references
  • Kyoto Prefecture
    • Fukuchiyama City
KATO et al. (1969) +1 other reference
  • Okayama Prefecture
    • Mimasaka city
      • Miyahara
Kato (1969) +1 other reference
  • Shimane Prefecture
    • Masuda City
SOEDA et al. (1978)
SOEDA et al. (1982)
  • Shizuoka Prefecture
    • Shimoda City
      • Rendaiji
Yamada (2004) +1 other reference
  • Tochigi Prefecture
    • Nikko City
      • Ashio
Nakamura et al. (1973) +1 other reference
  • Yamaguchi Prefecture
    • Mine City
Nagashima et al. (2016)
Nagashima et al. (2016)
Soeda et al. (1979)
Kazakhstan
 
  • Pavlodar Region
    • Bayanaul District
Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Namibia
 
  • Otjozondjupa Region
    • Grootfontein Constituency
Weatherly International
North Macedonia
 
  • Berovo Municipality
Serafimovski et al. (2015)
Peru
 
  • Arequipa
    • Castilla Province
      • Orcopampa District
Gibson (1992)
  • Junín
    • Yauli Province
Catchpole et al. (2012)
  • Pasco
    • Pasco province
      • Tinyahuarco district
Bendezu et al. (2009)
Bendezu et al. (2009)
Philippines
 
  • Luzon
    • Cordillera Administrative Region
      • Benguet Province
        • Mankayan
Anthony et al. (1990)
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Kamienna Góra County
      • Gmina Kamienna Góra
        • Rędziny
Gołębiowska et al. (2006) +2 other references
    • Karkonosze County
      • Gmina Stara Kamienica
Mochnacka et al. (2015)
Portugal
 
  • Beja
    • Castro Verde
      • Santa Bárbara de Padrões
Lundin Mining 
  • Viseu
Oen (1970)
Romania
 
  • Caraş-Severin County
Cook et al. (2002)
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Sosnovsky District
Plotinskaya et al. (2014)
O.Yu. Plotinskaya data +1 other reference
    • Verkhneuralsky District
      • Uzelga VHMS deposits
Maslennikov et al. (2013)
  • Jewish Autonomous Oblast
...
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Bystrinsky District
      • Central Kamchatka mining district
        • Baranyevskoe ore field
Tolstykh et al. (2021) +1 other reference
    • Yelizovsky District
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +2 other references
  • Khabarovsk Krai
    • Verkhnebureinsky District
Fersman Mineraloical Museum Russian ...
Fersman Mineraloical Museum Russian ...
Terleev et al. (2014) +2 other references
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug
      • Taimyr Peninsula
        • Norilsk-Talnakh Mining Region
e-rocks.com (n.d.) +5 other references
  • Republic of Karelia
    • Pitkyarantsky District
Иващенко et al. (2015)
Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September)
Spain
 
  • Castile and Leon
    • Salamanca
      • Villar de la Yegua
        • Barquilla Sn-Ge-Cd-Cu-Fe Deposit
Pascua et al. (1997)
Sweden
 
  • Södermanland County
    • Nyköping
      • Tunaberg
Dobbe (1991) +1 other reference
Dobbe et al. (1994)
  • Värmland County
    • Filipstad
      • Långban Ore District
Holtstam et al. (1999)
Switzerland
 
  • Valais
    • Sierre
      • Anniviers
        • Ayer
Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference
Tonga
 
  • Southern Lau Basin
Wendt (2013)
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • Calstock
        • Gunnislake
Dr. Kurt Greenwall collection (Dr. Werner H. Paar analyses)
      • Perranzabuloe
        • Perranporth
          • Cligga Head
Golley et al. (1995)
Moore et al. (1984) +1 other reference
      • Treverbyn
        • Stenalees
Golley et al. (1995) +2 other references
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
Anthony et al. (1995)
Graeme (1993) +2 other references
Uzbekistan
 
  • Tashkent Region
    • Ohangaron District
Kovalenker (2003) +1 other reference
Kovalenker et al. (1997) +1 other reference
 
and/or  
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