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Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA i
Regional Level Types
Betts Manganese Mines Mine (Flooded)
Plainfield Town
Hampshire County County
Massachusetts State
USA Country

Regional Level Types
Betts Manganese Mines	Mine (Flooded)
Plainfield	Town
Hampshire County	County
Massachusetts	State
USA	Country

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Map of the workings

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

South Pit

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Collecting Zone A

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Map of the workings

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

South Pit

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Collecting Zone A

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Map of the workings

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

South Pit

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

42° 29' 45'' North , 72° 56' 46'' West

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

42.49605,-72.94613

GRN:

N29W39

Type:

Mine (Flooded) - last checked 2025

Köppen climate type:

Dfb : Warm-summer humid continental climate

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Cummington	995 (2017)	5.7km
Windsor	890 (2017)	9.3km
Hawley	342 (2017)	9.4km
Savoy	717 (2017)	10.4km
Peru	835 (2017)	10.4km

Nearest Clubs:
Local clubs are the best way to get access to collecting localities

Club	Location	Distance
Northern Berkshire Mineral Club	North Adams, Massachusetts	26km

Mindat Locality ID:

5889

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:5889:9

GUID (UUID V4):

Other/historical names associated with this locality:

Anson Betts Mine; Plainfield Manganese Mines; Taconic Manganese Mines

According to Jordan et al (2019):

The former Betts Mine is in the Hawley Formation, a sequence of lower Paleozoic units on the eastern flank of the Berkshire Mountains. The Hawley formation consists of deformed and polymetamorphosed shale, graywacke and volcanic rocks (Hickmott 1982; Hickmott et al. 1983). The Betts Mine occurred within a carbonaceous metasedimentary unit of the Hawley formation, consisting of quartz–muscovite–biotite–garnet–chlorite phyllite and fine-grained quartzite interbedded with feldspathic schist and bands of amphibolite.

The Betts mine is often erroneously listed as being in either Cummington or West Cummington.

The deposit was said by Emerson (1898) to have been worked extensively in 1848 before being abandoned due to the "California gold excitement." The mine was acquired in 1925 by the metallurgist and inventor, Anson Gardner Betts (b. 1876, Lansingburgh, NY; d. 1976), who operated it under the name Taconic Manganese Mines. The most active mining period was 1939-1942 (Quinn, 1945). His son Anson Ketchum Betts (b. 1924, Kinderhook NY; d. 2013) also worked for the family mining business.

The mine and tailings are now under the ownership of EarthDance. As of 2025, the daily cost of mining there was $20 per person and only one 5-gallon bucket of material may be removed per trip/day. Info is available here: https://www.earthdance.net/mineral-collecting/

The Betts mine is divided into several sections with slightly different minerals.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Manganese

Mineral List

52 valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite

Formula: ◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Alabandite

Formula: MnS

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Alleghanyite

Formula: Mn²⁺₅(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

✪ 'Almandine-Spessartine Series'

Habit: trapezohedral

Colour: burgundy to orange-brown

Description: Probably the best "species" to list most crystals under that have not been analyzed as they cannot be reliably differentiated visually.

References:

Moritz, Harold (n.d.) Personal Communication.

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Bafertisite

Formula: Ba₂Fe²⁺₄Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂

Description: No data in the source reference. Is there a reference that proves this species?

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Bementite

Formula: Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Birnessite ?

Formula: (Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O

Description: Kim (1991) re-investigated a mineral originally described as birnessite by Frondel et. al (1960) and determined it to be takaelite. Ref.: Kim, Soo Jin (1991). New characterization of takanelite (American Mineralogist, Volume 76, pages 1426-1430)

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Kim, Soo Jin (1991) New characterization of takanelite. American Mineralogist, 76 (7-8) 1426-1430

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Description: https://worcestermineralclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/A-Guide-to-the-Betts-Manganese-Mine.pdf

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

Plante, Alan (1992): Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities (Valley Geology Press)

ⓘ Caryopilite

Formula: Mn²⁺₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Chloritoid ?

Formula: Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

Plante, Alan (1992): Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities (Valley Geology Press)

ⓘ Clinochlore

Formula: Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Cobaltite

Formula: CoAsS

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Cryptomelane

Formula: K(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Cummingtonite

Formula: ◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

✪ Ferro-hornblende

Formula: ◻Ca₂(Fe²⁺₄Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂

Habit: radiating, bladed aggregates

Colour: black

Fluorescence: none

Description: radiating, bladed aggregates reaching over 5 cm

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

References:

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

ⓘ Grunerite

Formula: ◻Fe²⁺₂Fe²⁺₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

References:

Peter Cristofono collection

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

References:

Hickmott, Donald D. (1982). The mineralogy and petrology of the Betts mine area, Plainfield, Massachusetts: Unpublished B. S. thesis: Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, p. 38.

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Hübnerite

Formula: MnWO₄

References:

Plante, Alan (1992): Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities (Valley Geology Press)

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Jacobsite

Formula: Mn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Kutnohorite

Formula: CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂

References:

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

ⓘ 'Limonite'

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Löllingite

Formula: FeAs₂

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Marcasite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Molybdenite

Formula: MoS₂

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Native Gold

Formula: Au

Description: No specifics in reference. Is the gold from nearby alluvium?

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Native Silver

Formula: Ag

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Neotocite

Formula: (Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

References:

Hickmott, Donald D. (1982). The mineralogy and petrology of the Betts mine area, Plainfield, Massachusetts: Unpublished B. S. thesis: Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, p. 62

ⓘ 'Psilomelane'

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

ⓘ Pyrolusite

Formula: Mn⁴⁺O₂

References:

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

ⓘ Pyrophanite

Formula: Mn²⁺TiO₃

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Ranciéite

Formula: (Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Rhodochrosite

Formula: MnCO₃

References:

Plante, A.R. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

✪ Rhodonite

Formula: CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]

Habit: Massive

Colour: Pink

Description: Frequently found on the dumps as rocks with a black coating of manganese oxide and pink rhodonite on the inside, mainly found by digging in holes.

References:

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Description: Rutile from the Betts mine is found as small, black, straited crystals found with garnet.

References:

"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

ⓘ Schallerite

Formula: Mn²⁺₁₆As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Scheelite

Formula: Ca(WO₄)

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Sonolite

Formula: Mn²⁺₉(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

✪ Spessartine

Formula: Mn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

Description: Sesspartine usually found as small, gemmy red to orange crystals around 1-2 mm small. Frequently associated with quartz and rutile.

References:

Dunn, P. J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts (J. Gemm 15(2): 76-80.)

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

ⓘ Takanelite

Formula: (Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O

References:

Kim, Soo Jin (1991) New characterization of takanelite. American Mineralogist, 76 (7-8) 1426-1430

ⓘ Tephroite

Formula: Mn²⁺₂(SiO₄)

References:

Plante, A. (1992) Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities. Valley Geology Press, 1992: 150 pgs.

Gallery:

ⓘ 'Almandine-Spessartine Series'

Almandine-Spessartine Series, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Almandine-Spessartine Series

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Fe_1-xSⓘ Pyrrhotite

Pyrrhotite, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Pyrrhotite, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Pyrrhotite, etc.

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

MnCO₃ⓘ Rhodochrosite

Rhodochrosite

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Rhodochrosite

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

Rhodochrosite

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Gold	1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Native Silver	1.AA.05	Ag
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Alabandite	2.CD.10	MnS
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
ⓘ	Molybdenite	2.EA.30	MoS₂
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Marcasite	2.EB.10a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Löllingite	2.EB.15a	FeAs₂
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
ⓘ	Cobaltite	2.EB.25	CoAsS
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Jacobsite	4.BB.05	Mn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Pyrophanite	4.CB.05	Mn²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Pyrolusite	4.DB.05	Mn⁴⁺O₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Hübnerite	4.DB.30	MnWO₄
ⓘ	Cryptomelane	4.DK.05a	K(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆
ⓘ	Ranciéite	4.FL.40	(Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O
ⓘ	Takanelite	4.FL.40	(Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O
ⓘ	Birnessite ?	4.FL.45	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Rhodochrosite	5.AB.05	MnCO₃
ⓘ	Kutnohorite	5.AB.10	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Scheelite	7.GA.05	Ca(WO₄)
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Fluorapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Tephroite	9.AC.05	Mn²⁺₂(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Spessartine	9.AD.25	Mn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Alleghanyite	9.AF.45	Mn²⁺₅(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Sonolite	9.AF.55	Mn²⁺₉(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂
ⓘ	Chloritoid ?	9.AF.85	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Bafertisite	9.BE.55	Ba₂Fe²⁺₄Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Cummingtonite	9.DE.05	◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Grunerite	9.DE.05	◻Fe²⁺₂Fe²⁺₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Actinolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Ferro-hornblende	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂(Fe²⁺₄Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Rhodonite	9.DK.05	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
ⓘ	Muscovite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Clinochlore	9.EC.55	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
ⓘ	Caryopilite	9.ED.15	Mn²⁺₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
ⓘ	Neotocite	9.ED.20	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
ⓘ	Bementite	9.EE.05	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈
ⓘ	Schallerite	9.EE.15	Mn²⁺₁₆As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Psilomelane'	-
ⓘ	'Almandine-Spessartine Series'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Alleghanyite	Mn₅²⁺(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
H	ⓘ Bementite	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
H	ⓘ Caryopilite	Mn₃²⁺Si₂O₅(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Chloritoid	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
H	ⓘ Cummingtonite	◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Grunerite	◻Fe₂²⁺Fe₅²⁺(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Neotocite	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
H	ⓘ Ranciéite	(Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O
H	ⓘ Schallerite	Mn₁₆²⁺As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
H	ⓘ Sonolite	Mn₉²⁺(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Takanelite	(Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Kutnohorite	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Alleghanyite	Mn₅²⁺(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Bementite	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Caryopilite	Mn₃²⁺Si₂O₅(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Chloritoid	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
O	ⓘ Cryptomelane	K(Mn₇⁴⁺Mn³⁺)O₁₆
O	ⓘ Cummingtonite	◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
O	ⓘ Grunerite	◻Fe₂²⁺Fe₅²⁺(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Jacobsite	Mn²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Kutnohorite	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Neotocite	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
O	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
O	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Ranciéite	(Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O
O	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
O	ⓘ Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Schallerite	Mn₁₆²⁺As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
O	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
O	ⓘ Sonolite	Mn₉²⁺(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Takanelite	(Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O
O	ⓘ Tephroite	Mn₂²⁺(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Almandine-Spessartine Series
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Mg	ⓘ Cummingtonite	◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Chloritoid	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Almandine-Spessartine Series
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Alleghanyite	Mn₅²⁺(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
Si	ⓘ Bementite	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Caryopilite	Mn₃²⁺Si₂O₅(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Chloritoid	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Clinochlore	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈
Si	ⓘ Cummingtonite	◻Mg₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Grunerite	◻Fe₂²⁺Fe₅²⁺(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Neotocite	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
Si	ⓘ Schallerite	Mn₁₆²⁺As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
Si	ⓘ Sonolite	Mn₉²⁺(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Tephroite	Mn₂²⁺(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Almandine-Spessartine Series
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Alabandite	MnS
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Molybdenite	MoS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Cryptomelane	K(Mn₇⁴⁺Mn³⁺)O₁₆
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Kutnohorite	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Ranciéite	(Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
Ca	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Takanelite	(Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Alabandite	MnS
Mn	ⓘ Alleghanyite	Mn₅²⁺(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂
Mn	ⓘ Bementite	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈
Mn	ⓘ Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
Mn	ⓘ Caryopilite	Mn₃²⁺Si₂O₅(OH)₄
Mn	ⓘ Cryptomelane	K(Mn₇⁴⁺Mn³⁺)O₁₆
Mn	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
Mn	ⓘ Jacobsite	Mn²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Mn	ⓘ Kutnohorite	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
Mn	ⓘ Neotocite	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
Mn	ⓘ Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
Mn	ⓘ Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃
Mn	ⓘ Ranciéite	(Ca,Mn²⁺)_0.2(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)O₂ · 0.6H₂O
Mn	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
Mn	ⓘ Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
Mn	ⓘ Schallerite	Mn₁₆²⁺As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
Mn	ⓘ Sonolite	Mn₉²⁺(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂
Mn	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Mn	ⓘ Takanelite	(Mn,Ca)Mn₄O₉ · H₂O
Mn	ⓘ Tephroite	Mn₂²⁺(SiO₄)
Mn	ⓘ Almandine-Spessartine Series
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Chloritoid	Fe²⁺Al₂O(SiO₄)(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Ferro-hornblende	◻Ca₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Grunerite	◻Fe₂²⁺Fe₅²⁺(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Jacobsite	Mn²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Löllingite	FeAs₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Marcasite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Neotocite	(Mn,Fe)SiO₃ · H₂O (?)
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Almandine-Spessartine Series
Co	Cobalt
Co	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
As	ⓘ Cobaltite	CoAsS
As	ⓘ Löllingite	FeAs₂
As	ⓘ Schallerite	Mn₁₆²⁺As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇
Mo	Molybdenum
Mo	ⓘ Molybdenite	MoS₂
Ag	Silver
Ag	ⓘ Native Silver	Ag
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Bafertisite	Ba₂Fe₄²⁺Ti₂(Si₂O₇)₂O₂(OH)₂F₂
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
W	Tungsten
W	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
W	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Native Gold	Au
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

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References

Nash, Alanson (1827) Notices of the Lead Mines and Veins of Hampshire County, Mass. and of the Geology and Mineralogy of that Region. The American Journal Of Science and Arts, S. 1 Vol. 7. 238-270p.250

Emerson, Benjamin. K. (1898) Geology of old Hampshire County, Massachusetts, comprising Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties. Monograph 29. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/m29

Perry, Elwyn L. (1934): The Hawley Mineral Belt, Massachusetts. Rocks & Minerals: 9(7): 93-99.

Elwell, Wilbur J. (1936) A Mineralogical Trip Through New England. Rocks and Minerals, 11 (3). 36-37

Quinn, Alonzo W. (1945). Geology of the Plainfield-Hawley area : with special reference to deposits of manganese and iron minerals (USGS Open-File Report: 45-28)

Dixon, A. M. (1946): Two Localities near Plainville, Mass. Rocks & Minerals: 21 (11): 754-755.

Mosier, M. (1949). Investigation of Anson Betts manganese mine, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

Dunn, Pete J. (1976). On gem rhodonite from Massachusetts, Journal of Gemmology: 15(2): 76-80.

Hickmott, Donald D. (1982). The mineralogy and petrology of the Betts mine area, Plainfield, Massachusetts: Unpublished B. S. thesis: Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 105 p.

Hickmott, Donald D; Slack, John F; Docka, Janet A. (1983). Mineralogy, Petrology, and Genesis of the Manganese Ores of the Betts Mine, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA in Field Trip Guidebook To Stratabound Sulphide Deposits, Bathurst Area, N.B., Canada, and West-Central New England, U.S.A. Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report 36, 1983, p. 65-76.

Kim, Soo Jin (1991) New characterization of takanelite. American Mineralogist, 76 (7-8) 1426-1430

Plante, Alan (1992): Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities (Valley Geology Press)

www.earthdance.net (n.d.) http://www.earthdance.net/visit/minerals

Jordan, Jonah, Cernak, Richard S., Richardson, Justin B. (2019) Exploring the role of soil geochemistry on Mn and Ca uptake on 75-year-old mine spoils in western Massachusetts, USA. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41. 2763-2775 doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00339-x

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References

Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA i
Regional Level Types
Betts Manganese Mines Mine (Flooded)
Plainfield Town
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