Rhodonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Rhodonite
Formula:
CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Often contains minor Mg and Fe. Structural studies and the recognition of new species in the rhodonite group indicate that the former simplified MnSiO3 formula no longer represents the overall rhodonite group. A pure Mn-dominant rhodonite is better expressed as Mn2+Mn2+3Mn2+[Si5O15], and indeed in 2019 this composition was recognized as the new rhodonite-group end-member vittinkiite.
The five cation sites M1-M5 exhibit ordering, which has given rise to such species as ferrorhodonite, which requires M5 to be Ca-dominant and M4 to be Fe2+-dominant.
The five cation sites M1-M5 exhibit ordering, which has given rise to such species as ferrorhodonite, which requires M5 to be Ca-dominant and M4 to be Fe2+-dominant.
Colour:
Red, pink, brownish-red, gray.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
5½ - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.57 - 3.76
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1819 by Christoph Friedrich Jasche from the Greek ρόδον, "rose", referring to its color.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Pyroxmangite of MnSiO3 composition is the high-pressure, low-temperature polymorph with respect to rhodonite of the same composition (Maresch & Mottana, 1976). There is also an unnamed α phase - UM1975-18-SiO:Mn - recognized in limestones from the Polish Tatra Mountains.
The Fe-substituted analogue is known - see ferrorhodonite.
Some preliminary analyses indicate much material currently called rhodonite is actually vittinkiite, ferrorhodonite or pyroxmangite, and probably should be termed rhodonite group until analysed. Most of these species are slightly darker than true rhodonite, but chemical analysis and sometimes XRD is required for identification.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rhodonite.
The Fe-substituted analogue is known - see ferrorhodonite.
Some preliminary analyses indicate much material currently called rhodonite is actually vittinkiite, ferrorhodonite or pyroxmangite, and probably should be termed rhodonite group until analysed. Most of these species are slightly darker than true rhodonite, but chemical analysis and sometimes XRD is required for identification.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rhodonite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3407
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3407:0
Similar Names
| Rhetenite | A synonym of Branchite | |
| Rhodolite | A variety of 'Almandine-Pyrope Series' | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 |
IMA Classification of Rhodonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
CaMn2+3Mn2+Si5O15
Approval history:
Redefined 2019 s.p. (IMA Proposal 18-I); for details see Shchipalkina et al. (2019).
Classification of Rhodonite
9.DK.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
K : Inosilicates with 5-periodic single chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
K : Inosilicates with 5-periodic single chains
65.4.1.1
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
4 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=5
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
4 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=5
14.17.1
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
17 : Silicates of Mn
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
17 : Silicates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Rdn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Rdn | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Rdn | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Rdn | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Rdn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Rhodonite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Rhodonite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Somewhat pearly on cleavage
Colour:
Red, pink, brownish-red, gray.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ - 6½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {110} & {110}
Good on {001}
Perfect on {110} & {110}
Good on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.57 - 3.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.726 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Rhodonite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.711 - 1.738 nβ = 1.714 - 1.741 nγ = 1.724 - 1.751
2V:
Measured: 58° to 73°, Calculated: 58°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.013
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v
Optical Extinction:
X ∧ a ≃ 5°; Y ∧ b ≃ 20°; Z ∧ c ≃ 25°.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= yellowish red
Y= pinkish red
Z= pale yellowish red
Y= pinkish red
Z= pale yellowish red
Chemistry of Rhodonite
Mindat Formula:
CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Often contains minor Mg and Fe. Structural studies and the recognition of new species in the rhodonite group indicate that the former simplified MnSiO3 formula no longer represents the overall rhodonite group. A pure Mn-dominant rhodonite is better expressed as Mn2+Mn2+3Mn2+[Si5O15], and indeed in 2019 this composition was recognized as the new rhodonite-group end-member vittinkiite.
The five cation sites M1-M5 exhibit ordering, which has given rise to such species as ferrorhodonite, which requires M5 to be Ca-dominant and M4 to be Fe2+-dominant.
Often contains minor Mg and Fe. Structural studies and the recognition of new species in the rhodonite group indicate that the former simplified MnSiO3 formula no longer represents the overall rhodonite group. A pure Mn-dominant rhodonite is better expressed as Mn2+Mn2+3Mn2+[Si5O15], and indeed in 2019 this composition was recognized as the new rhodonite-group end-member vittinkiite.
The five cation sites M1-M5 exhibit ordering, which has given rise to such species as ferrorhodonite, which requires M5 to be Ca-dominant and M4 to be Fe2+-dominant.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Ca,Fe,Zn
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 46.62 % |
| Al2O3 | 1.07 % |
| FeO | 1.85 % |
| MnO | 42.79 % |
| MgO | 0.32 % |
| CaO | 6.38 % |
| Na2O + K2O | 0.11 % |
| H2O+ | 0.54 % |
| H2O- | 0.40 % |
| Total: | 100.08 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ambindavato, Soamanonga, Betioky District, Atsimo-Andrefana, Madagascar | Wet-chemical analysis by Mr.Raoult |
Crystallography of Rhodonite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.758 Å, b = 10.499 Å, c = 12.205 Å
α = 108.58°, β = 102.92°, γ = 82.52°
α = 108.58°, β = 102.92°, γ = 82.52°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.929 : 1 : 1.162
Unit Cell V:
1,152.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
20
Morphology:
Crystals rough, typically tabular or elongate.
Twinning:
Lamellar, with {010} as composition plane.
Comment:
Non-standard space-group setting C-1. Reduced cell is (space group P-1): a = 7.682 Å, b = 11.818 Å, c = 6.707 Å, α = 92.355°, β = 93.948°, γ = 105.665° (Peacor & Niizeki, 1963).
Crystallographic forms of Rhodonite
Crystal Atlas:
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Rhodonite no.30 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Rhodonite no.49 - {1-10} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018494 | Rhodonite | Leverett P, Williams P A, Hibbs D E (2008) Ca-Mg-Fe-rich rhodonite from the Morro da Mina mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, Brazil The Mineralogical Record 39 125-130 | 2008 | the Morro da Mina mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003789 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 |  | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003788 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003787 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003786 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003785 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003784 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003783 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003782 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003781 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003780 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003779 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003778 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003777 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003776 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003775 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003774 | Rhodonite | Nelson W R, Griffen D T (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite") and rhodonite cation distributions American Mineralogist 90 969-983 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000690 | Rhodonite | Peacor D R, Essene E J, Brown P E, Winter G A (1978) The crystal chemistry and petrogenesis of a magnesian rhodonite American Mineralogist 63 1137-1142 | | 1978 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Rhodonite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Marsturite' | NaCaMn3Si5O14(OH) |
| 'Tiragalloite' | Mn2+4As5+Si3O12(OH) |
Epitaxy Comments:
(001)[100]mar // (001)[100]rho; Dunn & Leavens (1986)
(010)[001]tir // (010)[100]rho; Roth & Meisser (2011)
(010)[001]tir // (010)[100]rho; Roth & Meisser (2011)
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.772 Å | (100) |
| 2.980 Å | (65) |
| 2.924 Å | (65) |
| 3.14 Å | (30) |
| 3.34 Å | (25) |
| 3.10 Å | (25) |
| 2.651 Å | (18) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Manganese deposits formed by hydrothermal, contact or regional metamorphic, and sedimentary processes.
Type Occurrence of Rhodonite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Rhodonite
Other Language Names for Rhodonite
Varieties of Rhodonite
| Dyssnite | Dull brownish black alteration of rhodonite containing both higher valance manganese and iron. |
| Hsihutsunite | A purplish-red variety of rhodonite, unusually high in Ca. |
| Orlets | Usually finegrained quartzite-like rhodonite enriched by manganese and low contents of iron and magnesium (usually <1-2 wt.% FeO+MgO). Usually metasomatic origin (manganese skarns). |
Relationship of Rhodonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Rhodonite Group:
| Ferrorhodonite | CaMn3Fe[Si5O15] | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Fowlerite | (Mn2+,Zn,Ca)SiO3 | |
| Vittinkiite | MnMn3Mn[Si5O15] | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 304 photos of Rhodonite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 265 photos of Rhodonite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 158 photos of Rhodonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 157 photos of Rhodonite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 157 photos of Rhodonite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 99 photos of Rhodonite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 68 photos of Rhodonite associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 62 photos of Rhodonite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 59 photos of Rhodonite associated with Axinite-(Mn) | Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH) |
| 51 photos of Rhodonite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DK. | Ferrorhodonite | CaMn3Fe[Si5O15] |
| 9.DK. | Vittinkiite | MnMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 9.DK. | Ferri-hellandite-(Ce) | (Ca3Ce)Ce2Fe3+◻2B4Si4O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DK. | Shijiangshanite | Pb3CaAl(Si5O14)(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 9.DK.05 | Nambulite | LiMn2+4Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.05 | Marsturite | NaCaMn3Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.05 | Natronambulite | (Na,Li)(Mn,Ca)4Si5O14OH |
| 9.DK.05 | Scandiobabingtonite | (Ca,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn)(Sc,Fe3+)Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.05 | Lithiomarsturite | LiCaMn3Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.05 | Manganbabingtonite | Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.05 | Fowlerite | (Mn2+,Zn,Ca)SiO3 |
| 9.DK.05 | Babingtonite | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH) |
| 9.DK.10 | Santaclaraite | CaMn4[Si5O14OH](OH) · H2O |
| 9.DK.15 | Saneroite | NaMn2+5[Si5O14(OH)](VO3)(OH) |
| 9.DK.20 | Ferri-mottanaite-(Ce) | Ca4Ce2Fe3+(Be1.5◻0.5)[Si4B4O22]O2 |
| 9.DK.20 | Tadzhikite-(Ce) | Ca4Ce3+2Ti◻2(B4Si4O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DK.20 | 'Hellandite-(Yb)' | (Ca,Y)4(Yb,Y)2(Al,Fe3+,Ti4+)(Be,Li)2[B4Si4O22](O,F,OH)2 |
| 9.DK.20 | Mottanaite-(Ce) | Ca4(Ce,REE)Σ2Al(Be1.5◻0.5)Σ2[B4Si4O22]O2 |
| 9.DK.20 | Ciprianiite | Ca4[(Th,U),Ca]Σ2Al(Be0.5◻1.5)Σ2[B4Si4O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DK.20 | Hellandite-(Y) | (Ca,REE)4Y2Al◻2(B4Si4O22) (OH)2 |
| 9.DK.20 | Hellandite-(Ce) | (Ca,REE)4Ce2Al◻2(B4Si4O22) (OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Rhodonite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Rhodonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3407.html
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References for Rhodonite
Reference List:
Bourgeois, Léon (1883) Sur la reproduction artificielle de la rhodonite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 6 (4) 64-69 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1883.1796
Larsen, Esper S., Shannon, Earl V. (1922) Notes on some new rhodonite specimens from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. American Mineralogist, 7 (9) 149-152
Liebau, F., Hilmer, W., Lindemann, G. (1959) Über die Kristallstruktur des Rhodonits (Mn,Ca)SiO3. Acta Crystallographica, 12 (3) 182-187 doi:10.1107/s0365110x59000548
Peacor, Donald R.; Niizeki, Nobukazu (1963) The redetermination and refinement of the crystal structure of rhodonite, (Mn,Ca)SiO3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 119 (1-2). 98-116 doi:10.1524/zkri.1963.119.1-2.98
Manning, P. G. (1968) Absorption spectra of the manganese-bearing chain silicates pyroxmangite, rhodonite, bustamite and serandite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (3) 348-357
Ito, Jun (1972) Rhodonite-pyroxmangite peritectic along the join MnSiO3-MgSiO3 in air. American Mineralogist, 57 (5-6) 865-876
Maresch, W. V., Mottana, A. (1976) The pyroxmangite-rhodonite transformation for the MnSiO3 composition. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 55 (1) 69-79 doi:10.1007/bf00372755
Narita, Hajime, Koto, Kichiro, Morimoto, Nobuo (1977) The crystal structures of MnSiO3 polymorphs (rhodonite- and pyroxmangite-type) Mineralogical Journal, 8 (6) 329-342 doi:10.2465/minerj.8.329
Peacor, Donald R., Essene, Eric J., Brown, Philip E., Winter, Gary A. (1978) The crystal chemistry and petrogenesis of a magnesian rhodonite. American Mineralogist, 63 (11-12) 1137-1142
Sapountzis, Elias S., Christofides, George (1982) A calcium-poor rhodonite from Xanthi (N. Greece) Mineralogical Magazine, 46 (340) 337-340 doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.340.06
Viswanathan, Krishnamoorthy, Harneit, Otto (1986) Lattice expansion and ionic substitution in common pyroxenoids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 94 (2) 238-244 doi:10.1007/bf00592940
Pinckney, Linda R., Burnham, Charles W. (1988) Effects of compositional variation on the crystal structures of pyroxmangite and rhodonite. American Mineralogist, 73 (7-8) 798-808
Livi, Kenneth J. T., Veblen, David R. (1992) An analytical electron microscopy study of pyroxene-to-pyroxenoid reactions. American Mineralogist, 77 (3-4) 380-390
Robie, Richard A., Huebner, J. Stephen, Hemingway, Bruce S. (1995) Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of braunite (Mn7SiO12) and rhodonite (MnSiO3) American Mineralogist, 80 (5) 560-575 doi:10.2138/am-1995-5-615
Pertlik, Franz; Zahiri, Reza (1999) Rhodonite with a Low Calcium Content: Crystal Structure Determination and Crystal Chemical Calculations. Monatshefte für Chemie, 130 (2). 257-265 doi:10.1007/pl00010206
Cook, Robert B. (2005) Connoisseur's Choice: Rhodonite, Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Rocks & Minerals, 80 (4) 264-269 doi:10.3200/rmin.80.4.264-269
Nelson, W. R. (2005) Crystal chemistry of Zn-rich rhodonite ("fowlerite"). American Mineralogist, 90 (5-6). 969-983 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1694
Griffen, D. T.; Nelson, W. R. (2007) Mössbauer spectroscopy of Zn-poor and Zn-rich rhodonite. American Mineralogist, 92 (8-9). 1486-1491 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2385
Localities for Rhodonite
Showing 1,169 localities.
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- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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North Mine, Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia