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Tiragalloite

A valid IMA mineral species

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Photos of Tiragalloite (38)Discuss Tiragalloite

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Tiragalloite, etc.

Scerscen Valley, Lanzada, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy

Tiragalloite

Cassagna Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Tiragalloite

Molinello Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Tiragalloite, etc.

Scerscen Valley, Lanzada, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy

Tiragalloite

Cassagna Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Tiragalloite

Molinello Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Tiragalloite, etc.

Scerscen Valley, Lanzada, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy

Tiragalloite

Cassagna Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

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About TiragalloiteHide

Paolo Onofrio Tiragallo

Formula:

Mn²⁺₄As⁵⁺Si₃O₁₂(OH)

Colour:

Orange, brownish orange

Lustre:

Sub-Adamantine

Specific Gravity:

3.84

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Name:

Named after Paolo Onofrio Tiragallo (1905, Carro, La Spezia, Liguria, Italy - 1987), distinguished amateur mineralogist. Conservator and curator of the mineralogical collection of the University of Genoa.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Molinello Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

Tiragalloite belongs to a rare class of compounds with As atoms replacing Si atoms in silicate anions, the so-called arsenosilicates (analoguous to the more common alumosilicates and borosilicates, in which Si atoms are replaced by Al atoms and B atoms, respectively). It contains isolated chains consisting of one (ASO₄) tetrahedron and three (SiO₄) tetrahedra, which are linked by sharing corners. One oxygen atom is protonated, resulting in the anion formula (HAsSi₃O₁₃)^8-. The tetrahedral sites in the anion are ordered in that the As atoms are only found at the end of the chains, and there is exactly one As atom in each anion.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3974

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3974:7

IMA Classification of TiragalloiteHide

IMA status:

Approved

Approval year:

1979

First published:

1980

Type description reference:

Gramaccioli, Carlo Maria, Griffin, William L., Mottana, Annibale (1980) Tiragalloite, Mn4[AsSi3O12(OH)], a new mineral and the first example of arsenatotrisilicate. American Mineralogist, 65 (9-10) 947-952

Classification of TiragalloiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

9.BJ.25

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
J : Sorosilicates with Si₃O₁₀, Si₄O₁₁, etc. anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination

Dana 8th ed.:

57.2.1.1

57 : SOROSILICATES Si₃O₁₀ Groups and Larger Noncyclic Groups
2 : Insular Si₃O₁₀ and Larger Noncyclic Groups with [Si₄O₁₃] groups

Hey's CIM Ref.:

17.7.7

17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
7 : Silicates with vanadate, arsenate or antimonate

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Tga	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of TiragalloiteHide

Lustre:

Sub-Adamantine

Transparency:

Transparent, Translucent

Colour:

Orange, brownish orange

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
Good on {100}.

Parting:

Distinct parting, normal to elongation.

Density:

3.84(6) g/cm³ (Measured) 3.829 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Comment:

Measured by flotation in dilute Clerici solution at room temperature. The calculated density for a pure end-member is 3.860.

Optical Data of TiragalloiteHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 1.745(5) n_β = 1.751(3) n_γ = 1.760(5)

2V:

Measured: 38° to 46°, Calculated: 80°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.015
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Thickness: 30 µm

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Dispersion:

strong

Pleochroism:

Not Visible

Comments:

a ≃ α, b = β, c ≃ γ.
The angle between a and the cleavage pole is 5-6°.
Elongation is positive.

Chemistry of TiragalloiteHide

Mindat Formula:

Mn²⁺₄As⁵⁺Si₃O₁₂(OH)

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Mn	37.377 %
O	35.377 %
Si	14.331 %
As	12.743 %
H	0.171 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

As, H, Mn, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Ti,Al,V,Fe,Ca,Na,K

Crystallography of TiragalloiteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.6702(2) Å, b = 19.9336(7) Å, c = 7.5759(2) Å
β = 95.518(1)°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.335 : 1 : 0.38

Unit Cell V:

1,002.63 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Twinning:

Visible under the microscope. Symmetric, with the twin plane coincident with the cleavage plane.

Comment:

Space group P21/n. Nagashima et al. (2010) give a = 6.6783(1), b = 19.9075(3), c = 7.5750(1) Å, β = 95.475(1)°. The lower c value in the latter is also confirmed by SXRD studies of samples from Austria (Uwe Kolitsch, unpubl. data). also see Callegari 2020

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0019902	Tiragalloite	Nagashima M, Armbruster T (2010) Ardennite, tiragalloite and medaite: structural control of (As5+,V5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedra in silicates Mineralogical Magazine 74 55-71		2010	Gambatesa mine, Val Graveglia, Liguria, Italy	0	293
0009690	Tiragalloite	Gramaccioli C M, Pilati T, Liborio G (1979) Structure of a manganese(II) arsenatotrisilicate, Mn4[AsSi3O12(OH)]: The presence of a new tetrapolyphosphate-like anion Acta Crystallographica B35 2287-2291		1979	Molinello, near Chiavari, Liguria,	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Tiragalloite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Nagashima M'
'Armbruster T'
_journal_name_full 'Mineralogical Magazine'
_journal_volume 74 
_journal_year 2010
_journal_page_first 55
_journal_page_last 71
_publ_section_title
;
 Ardennite, tiragalloite and medaite: structural control of (As5+,V5+,Si4+)O4
 tetrahedra in silicates
;
_database_code_amcsd 0019902
_chemical_compound_source 'Gambatesa mine, Val Graveglia, Liguria, Italy'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Mn3.938 Ca.062 Si3.22 As.7 V.08 O13 H'
_cell_length_a 6.6783
_cell_length_b 19.9075
_cell_length_c 7.5750
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 95.475
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 1002.489
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      3.808
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 1 21/n 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Mn1   0.25888   0.64825  -0.14680   1.00000   0.00929
Mn2  -0.45780   0.58405   0.54562   1.00000   0.00894
Mn3   0.76249   0.50952   0.24390   0.93800   0.01063
Ca3   0.76249   0.50952   0.24390   0.06200   0.01063
Mn4   0.05119   0.74619   0.13817   1.00000   0.01148
SiT1   0.23096   0.36814   0.08013   1.00000   0.00682
SiT2   0.26756   0.52089   0.16161   1.00000   0.00635
SiT3   0.04853   0.59791   0.44118   1.00000   0.00664
AsT4   0.42991   0.30164  -0.21229   0.70000   0.00689
SiT4   0.42991   0.30164  -0.21229   0.22000   0.00689
VT4   0.42991   0.30164  -0.21229   0.08000   0.00689
O1   0.26980   0.23819  -0.18420   1.00000   0.01080
O2   0.46290   0.31992  -0.41890   1.00000   0.01270
O3   0.64660   0.28808  -0.08970   1.00000   0.01600
O4   0.31760   0.36971  -0.12090   1.00000   0.01040
O5   0.03070   0.32440   0.07190   1.00000   0.01070
O6   0.41440   0.34328   0.22020   1.00000   0.01060
O7   0.17740   0.44612   0.11480   1.00000   0.01160
O8   0.30240   0.55379  -0.02510   1.00000   0.01080
O9   0.45870   0.51549   0.30780   1.00000   0.00900
O10   0.08690   0.55892   0.25510   1.00000   0.01040
O11   0.05160   0.67846   0.38600   1.00000   0.01380
O12   0.22240   0.58598   0.60220   1.00000   0.00900
O13  -0.16670   0.56929   0.47770   1.00000   0.00990
H11   0.11000   0.70500   0.48700   1.00000   0.05000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Mn1 0.01040 0.00830 0.00920 0.00102 0.00141 0.00069
Mn2 0.00840 0.00870 0.00990 0.00024 0.00198 -0.00033
Mn3 0.01050 0.01150 0.01000 -0.00254 0.00132 -0.00320
Ca3 0.01050 0.01150 0.01000 -0.00254 0.00132 -0.00320
Mn4 0.01140 0.01000 0.01310 -0.00006 0.00120 -0.00246
SiT1 0.00730 0.00590 0.00720 -0.00020 0.00040 -0.00020
SiT2 0.00710 0.00600 0.00600 0.00070 0.00040 -0.00020
SiT3 0.00640 0.00680 0.00680 0.00030 0.00030 -0.00010
AsT4 0.00788 0.00689 0.00600 0.00001 0.00103 0.00001
SiT4 0.00788 0.00689 0.00600 0.00001 0.00103 0.00001
VT4 0.00788 0.00689 0.00600 0.00001 0.00103 0.00001
O1 0.01170 0.00810 0.01310 -0.00240 0.00370 0.00050
O2 0.02040 0.00980 0.00840 0.00170 0.00410 0.00110
O3 0.01080 0.02300 0.01370 0.00650 -0.00140 -0.00220
O4 0.01320 0.01120 0.00710 -0.00010 0.00190 -0.00090
O5 0.00990 0.00850 0.01390 -0.00230 0.00300 -0.00130
O6 0.01130 0.01250 0.00800 0.00100 0.00140 0.00050
O7 0.01170 0.00780 0.01470 0.00060 -0.00190 -0.00410
O8 0.01420 0.01050 0.00780 -0.00100 0.00110 0.00210
O9 0.00800 0.01080 0.00790 0.00070 -0.00070 0.00050
O10 0.01100 0.01250 0.00790 0.00330 0.00160 -0.00330
O11 0.02040 0.00680 0.01360 -0.00180 -0.00060 0.00130
O12 0.00910 0.01010 0.00750 0.00060 0.00010 0.00040
O13 0.00790 0.01170 0.01040 -0.00100 0.00250 -0.00170

Epitaxial Relationships of TiragalloiteHide

Epitaxial Minerals:

'Rhodonite'

CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]

Epitaxy Comments:

(010)[001]tir // (010)[100]rho (Roth & Meisser, 2011)

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.258 Å	(100)
3.151 Å	(73)
3.034 Å	(72)
3.003 Å	(72)
2.608 Å	(65)
2.489 Å	(58)
2.736 Å	(54)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23)

Type Occurrence of TiragalloiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Molinello Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy

General Appearance of Type Material:

Small orange grains enclosed in brownish to orange veinlets, about one millimeter thick, cutting a black Mn ore made up mainly of quartz and braunite. The grains never show as idiomorphic crystals. They are typically <0.4 mm but rarely 1.5 mm. They are

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 24314.
Municipal Museum of Natural History, Milan, Italy.
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Veinlets cutting manganese ore.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Reference:

Synonyms of TiragalloiteHide

IMA1969-061

Other Language Names for TiragalloiteHide

Dutch:Tiragalloiet

German:Tiragalloit

Russian:Тирагаллоит

Spanish:Tiragalloita

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

9 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
3 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
2 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Arsenmedaite	Mn²⁺₆ As⁵⁺Si₅O₁₈(OH)
2 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
2 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
2 photos of Tiragalloite associated with K Feldspar
2 photos of Tiragalloite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
1 photo of Tiragalloite associated with Medaite	Mn²⁺₆V⁵⁺Si₅O₁₈(OH)
1 photo of Tiragalloite associated with Arseniopleite	NaCaMnMn₂(AsO₄)₃
1 photo of Tiragalloite associated with Sarkinite	Mn²⁺₂(AsO₄)(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

9.BJ.	Arsenmedaite	Mn²⁺₆ As⁵⁺Si₅O₁₈(OH)	Mon. 2/m
9.BJ.05	Orientite	Ca₈Mn³⁺₁₀(SiO₄)₃(Si₃O₁₀)₃(OH)₁₀ · 4H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
9.BJ.10	Rosenhahnite	HCa₃[Si₃O₉(OH)]	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BJ.15	Trabzonite	Ca₄(Si₃O₉)(OH)₂	Orth. mm2 : Ama2
9.BJ.20	Thalénite-(Y)	Y₃Si₃O₁₀F	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.BJ.30	Medaite	Mn²⁺₆V⁵⁺Si₅O₁₈(OH)	Mon. 2/m
9.BJ.35	Strontioruizite	Sr₂Mn³⁺₂Si₄O₁₁(OH)₄ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2 : B2
9.BJ.35	Ruizite	Ca₂Mn³⁺₂[Si₄O₁₁(OH)₂](OH)₂ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2
9.BJ.35	Taniajacoite	SrCaMn³⁺₂Si₄O₁₁(OH)₄ · 2H₂O	Tric. 1
9.BJ.40	Ardennite-(As)	Mn²⁺₄Al₄(AlMg)(AsO₄)(SiO₄)₂(Si₃O₁₀)(OH)₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
9.BJ.40	Kannanite	Ca₄Al₄(AlMg)(VO₄)(SiO₄)₂(Si₃O₁₀)(OH)₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn
9.BJ.40	Alpeite	Ca₄Mn³⁺₂Al₂(Mn³⁺Mg)(SiO₄)₂(Si₃O₁₀)(V⁵⁺O₄)(OH)₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn
9.BJ.40	Ardennite-(V)	Mn²⁺₄Al₄(AlMg)(VO₄)(SiO₄)₂(Si₃O₁₀)(OH)₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmmn
9.BJ.45	Kilchoanite	Ca₆(SiO₄)(Si₃O₁₀)	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
9.BJ.50	Prismatine	(◻,Fe,Mg)(Mg,Al,Fe)₅Al₄Si₂(Si,Al)₂(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)₂₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BJ.50	Kornerupine	Mg₃Al₆(Si,Al,B)₅O₂₁(OH)	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BJ.55	Zunyite	Al₁₃Si₅O₂₀(OH,F)₁₈Cl	Iso. 43m : F43m
9.BJ.60	Hubeite	Ca₂Mn²⁺Fe³⁺Si₄O₁₂(OH) · 2H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.BJ.65	Cassagnaite	(Ca,Mn²⁺)₄(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al)₄(V³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si₃O₁₀)(SiO₄)₂(OH,O)₈	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BJ.70	Pavlovskyite	Ca₈(SiO₄)₂(Si₃O₁₀)	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn

Other InformationHide

Notes:

Slightly soluble in HNO3, giving the solution a light pink color, and insoluble in HCl or H2SO4.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for TiragalloiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3974.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

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References for TiragalloiteHide

Reference List:

Gramaccioli, C.M., Griffin, W.L., Mottana, A. (1979) Dati preliminari su un probabile nuovo minerale nella miniera di Molinello (Genova). Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 35 (1), 145-149.

Gramaccioli, C. M., Pilati, T., Liborio, G. (1979) Structure of a manganese(II) arsenatotrisilicate, Mn4[AsSi3O12(OH)]: the presence of a new tetrapolyphosphate-like anion. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 35 (10) 2287-2291 doi:10.1107/s0567740879009158

(2001) Tiragalloite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Nagashima, M., Armbruster, T. (2010) Ardennite, tiragalloite and medaite: structural control of (As⁵⁺,V⁵⁺,Si⁴⁺)O₄ tetrahedra in silicates. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (1) 55-71 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.55

Callegari, Athos Maria; Boiocchi, Massimo; Zema, Michele; Tarantino, Serena Chiara (2020) Structure refinement and new crystal-chemical data for tiragalloite (Mn2+3.86Ca0.10)Σ3.96(As5+0.85V5+0.02Si0.19)Σ1.06Si3O12(OH) from the Scerscen glacier, Val Malenco, Italy. Periodico di Mineralogia, 89 (1). 77-87 doi:10.2451/2020PM900

Marchesini, Marco; Foianini, Ivano; Foianini, Samuele; Appiani, Roberto (2022) Tiragalloite: retrospettiva a quarant’anni dalla prima descrizione e segnalazione di un eccezionale ritrovamento alla Vedretta di Scerscen, Valmalenco, Sondrio [Tiragalloite: a retrospective forty years after the first description and reporting of an exceptional find at the Vedretta di Scerscen, Valmalenco, Sondrio]. Micro, 20 (1). 1-27

Localities for TiragalloiteHide

Showing 23 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Austria
Salzburg Tamsweg District Tweng ⓘ Fuchs Alp - Fuchs lake area	Kolitsch et al. (2021)
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Navis ⓘ Navis stream (Navis creek)	Kolitsch et al. (2019)
ⓘ Unterweg	Brandstätter et al. (2015)
Lienz District Kals am Großglockner Kals valley ⓘ Ködnitz valley	Abrecht (1990)

Italy
Aosta Valley Saint-Marcel Servette-Chuc mining complex ⓘ Praborna Mine	Cenki-Tok et al. (2006)
Liguria Genoa Ne ⓘ Cassagna Mine	Redazionale (2005)
ⓘ Molinello Mine (TL)	415. +3 other references
Reppia ⓘ Gambatesa Mine	Pipino (1984)
Statale ⓘ Scrava Mine (Statale Mine)	Castellaro et al. (2023)
La Spezia Province Borghetto di Vara ⓘ Cerchiara Mine	Analyses of Anthony Kampf of Natural ... +1 other reference
Maissana Mt. Alpe ⓘ Monte Alpe Mine	Analyses of Anthony Kampf of Natural ...
Lombardy Sondrio Province Lanzada ⓘ Scerscen Valley
ⓘ Lower Scerscen Glacier	Callegari et al. (1992) +6 other references
ⓘ Malenco Valley	Bedogné et al. (1994)
Piedmont Cuneo Province Canosio Vallone della Valletta ⓘ Valletta Mine	Bracco R. (2014) +3 other references
Metropolitan City of Turin Salbertrand ⓘ Case Berge	Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference
ⓘ ~~Grange d'Himbert~~	Piccoli et al. (2007)

Japan
Kagoshima Prefecture Oshima District Yamato village ⓘ Yamato mine	Fujiwara et al. (2005) +1 other reference

Slovakia
Košice Region Spišská Nová Ves District Poráč ⓘ Diely manganese ore occurrence	Martin Števko & Pavol Myšľan +1 other reference

Spain
Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife ⓘ ~~Los Blanquitos~~	Dill et al. (2023)

Switzerland
Grisons Viamala Region Ferrera Ausserferrera ⓘ Fianel	Brugger (2006)
Rheinwald Splügen ⓘ Tanatz Alp	Stalder et al. (1998) +2 other references
Valais Entremont Val de Bagnes Charmotane ⓘ Mt. Durand	Ansermet et al. (2025)

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Tiragalloite

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