Schallerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Schallerite
Waldemar Theodore Schaller
Formula:
Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17
Colour:
Light brown, reddish brown
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
3.37
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Robert Burns Gage, Esper Signus Larsen (Senior), and Helen E. Vassar in 1925 after Waldemar Theodore Schaller [August 3, 1882 Oakland, California, USA - September 1, 1967 Washington, DC, USA] mineralogist and ore deposits specialist with the U. S. Geological Survey. USA.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Frequently waxy brown masses, small tapered hexagonal crystals rare.
May be confused with friedelite or pyrosmalite-(Mn).
The possible As3+-equivalent is coded as 'UM1986-05-AsO:HMn'.
May be confused with friedelite or pyrosmalite-(Mn).
The possible As3+-equivalent is coded as 'UM1986-05-AsO:HMn'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3557
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3557:2
Similar Names
| Schüllerite | A valid IMA mineral species | Ba2Na(Mn,Ca)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2(O,F)4 |
IMA Classification of Schallerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17
First published:
1925
Classification of Schallerite
9.EE.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
72.4.1a.3
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
4 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 4-, 6-, and 12-membered rings
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
4 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 4-, 6-, and 12-membered rings
17.7.12
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
7 : Silicates with vanadate, arsenate or antimonate
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
7 : Silicates with vanadate, arsenate or antimonate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Slr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Slr | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Schallerite
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Light brown, reddish brown
Streak:
Pale brown
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{0001}
{0001}
Density:
3.37 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Schallerite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.704 nε = 1.679
Birefringence:
0.025
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.025
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Schallerite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Zn,Mg,Ca,Cl,H2O
Crystallography of Schallerite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
P3m1
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.43 Å, c = 14.31 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.066
Unit Cell V:
2,235.23 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Tapered pseudohexagonal horizontally striated crystals with pedion.
Comment:
Space group uncertain
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015710 | Schallerite | Kato T, Watanabe I (1992) The crystal structures of schallerite and friedelite Yamaguchi University, College of Arts Bulletin 26 51-63 | 1992 | Franklin, New Jersey | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.55 Å | (40) |
| 2.83 Å | (30) |
| 2.67 Å | (60) |
| 2.47 Å | (50) |
| 2.02 Å | (50) |
| 1.975 Å | (40) |
| 1.688 Å | (100) |
| 1.511 Å | (60) |
Comments:
12-0253
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Type Occurrence of Schallerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Massive, resembling bustamite or rhodochrosite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, number 87106.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number R6610.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number R6610.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Veinlets in willemite-franklinite ore, also with rhodonite.
Synonyms of Schallerite
Other Language Names for Schallerite
Relationship of Schallerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pyrosmalite Group:
| Friedelite | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 2 photos of Schallerite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| 1 photo of Schallerite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 1 photo of Schallerite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 1 photo of Schallerite associated with Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 1 photo of Schallerite associated with Friedelite | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 1 photo of Schallerite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EE. | Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| 9.EE.05 | Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| 9.EE.07 | Innsbruckite | Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38 |
| 9.EE.10 | 'Brokenhillite' | Mn8Si6O15(OH)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 |
| 9.EE.10 | Friedelite | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.15 | Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.20 | Palygorskite | ◻Al2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Yofortierite | Mn2+Mn2+2Mn2+2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windhoekite | Fe3+(Fe3+1.67◻0.33)Ca2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windmountainite | ◻Fe3+2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Ikorskyite | KMn3+(Si4O10) · 3H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Tuperssuatsiaite | Fe3+Fe3+2(Na◻)◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | 'Unnamed (Na-Ca-Fe-Silicate-Hydrate)' | NaCa(Fe2+,Al,Mn)5[Si8O19(OH)](OH)7 · 5H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Sepiolite | Mg4(Si6O15)(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Loughlinite | Na2Mg3Si6O16 · 8H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Falcondoite | (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Kalifersite | (K,Na)5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Tungusite | Ca4Fe2Si6O15(OH)6 |
| 9.EE.30 | Gyrolite | NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Reyerite | (Na,K)2Ca14(Si,Al)24O58(OH)8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Kodamaite | Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2 · (14-x)H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Truscottite | (Ca,Mn)14Si24O58(OH)8 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.40 | Natrosilite | Na2Si2O5 |
| 9.EE.45 | Makatite | Na2Si4O8(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.50 | Varennesite | Na8Mn2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.55 | Raite | Mn2+Mn2+2Na2(◻1.75Ti0.25)Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · Na(H2O)6 |
| 9.EE.60 | Intersilite | Na6Mn2+Ti[Si10O24(OH)](OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Zakharovite | Na4Mn5Si10O24(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Shafranovskite | Na3K2(Mn,Fe,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EE.70 | Zeophyllite | Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.75 | Minehillite | (K,Na)2-3Ca28Zn4Al4Si40O112(OH)16 |
| 9.EE.80 | Fedorite | (Na,K)2-3(Ca4Na3)Si16O38(OH,F)2 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Martinite | (Na,◻,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Ellingsenite | Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.85 | Lalondeite | (Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2 · 3H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
In a closed tube, gives off water at a fairly low heat. Upon increasing the heat it produces an arsenic coating in the neck of the closed tube. This is very characteristic, and together with its appearance is sufficient distinguish it from willemite, bustamite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, or friedelite.
Slowly decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid leaving a residue of granular silica.
Slowly decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid leaving a residue of granular silica.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Schallerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3557.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Schallerite
Reference List:
Gage, R. B., Larsen, Esper S., Vassar, Helen E. (1925) Schallerite, a new arseno-silicate mineral from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. American Mineralogist, 10 (1) 9-11
Bauer, L. H., Berman, Harry (1930) Notes on some Franklin minerals. American Mineralogist, 15 (8) 340-348 [on "ferroschallerite" = Fe-bearing schallerite with Mn>Fe]
Frondel, Clifford, Bauer, L. H. (1953) Manganpyrosmalite and its polymorphic relation to friedelite and schallerite. American Mineralogist, 38 (9-10) 755-760
Hey, Max H. (1956) The empirical unit cell contents of the friedelite group. American Mineralogist, 41 (1-2) 134-138
Localities for Schallerite
Showing 14 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Abrecht (1990) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kayupova (1964) |
Romania | |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko & Pavol Myšľan +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Nysten (1995) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Plante (1992) |
| Gage et al. (1925) +4 other references |
| Dunn (1995) |
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Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA