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Minehillite

A valid IMA mineral species

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Photos of Minehillite (12)Discuss Minehillite

Minehillite Gallery Search Photos of Minehillite

Edit Minehillite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minehillite, etc.

Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Hide all sections | Show all sections

About MinehilliteHide

Formula:

(K,Na)_2-3Ca₂₈Zn₄Al₄Si₄₀O₁₁₂(OH)₁₆

Colour:

Colourless, white

Lustre:

Vitreous, Pearly

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

2.93

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Member of:

Reyerite Group

Name:

Named in 1984 by Pete J. Dunn, Donald R. Peacor, Peter B. Leavens, and Fred J. Wicks for the location, Mine Hill, where most of the zinc and iron mines in Franklin, New Jersey, USA are located.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Crystal structure related to that of gyrolite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

2719

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:2719:5

IMA Classification of MinehilliteHide

IMA status:

Approved

IMA Formula:

(K,Na)₂Ca₂₈Zn²⁺₅Al₄Si₄₀O₁₁₂(OH)₁₆

Approval year:

1983

First published:

1984

Type description reference:

Dunn, Pete J., Peacor, Donald R., Leavens, Peter B., Wicks, Frederick J. (1984) Minehillite, a new layer silicate from Franklin, New Jersey, related to reyerite and truscottite. American Mineralogist, 69 (11-12) 1150-1155

Classification of MinehilliteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

9.EE.75

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands

Dana 8th ed.:

73.2.2b.1

73 : PHYLLOSILICATES Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets
2 : Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets with double and single layers

Hey's CIM Ref.:

16.12.18

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Mhl	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Mhl	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of MinehilliteHide

Lustre:

Vitreous, Pearly

Transparency:

Transparent

Comment:

Pearly on cleavage, vitreous on fractures.

Colour:

Colourless, white

Comment:

Gray to black with lead inclusions

Streak:

White

Hardness:

4 on Mohs scale

Cleavage:

Perfect
{0001}

Density:

2.93 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.94 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of MinehilliteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (-)

RI values:

n_ω = 1.607(2) n_ε = 1.604(2)

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.003
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic (convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.

For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.

Thickness: 30 µm

Chemistry of MinehilliteHide

Mindat Formula:

(K,Na)_2-3Ca₂₈Zn₄Al₄Si₄₀O₁₁₂(OH)₁₆

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	43.048 %
Si	23.615 %
Ca	23.589 %
Zn	5.497 %
Al	2.269 %
K	1.644 %
H	0.339 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Al, Ca, H, K, Na, O, Si, Zn - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Fe,Mn,Mg,H₂O

Crystallography of MinehilliteHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.77(2) Å, c = 33.01(7) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 3.379

Unit Cell V:

2,728.76 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Comment:

Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m; 6m2; or 6mm; Space Group: P63/mmc; P62c; or P63mc:

Crystal StructureHide

Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c

Rotation
Stop | Start

Labels
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0001716	Minehillite	Dai Y S, Post J E, Appleman D E (1995) Crystal structure of minehillite: Twinning and structural relationships to reyerite American Mineralogist 80 173-178		1995		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Minehillite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Dai Y S'
'Post J E'
'Appleman D E'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 80 
_journal_year 1995
_journal_page_first 173
_journal_page_last 178
_publ_section_title
;
 Crystal structure of minehillite: Twinning and structural relationships to
 reyerite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0001716
_chemical_formula_sum 'K.948 Zn2.406 Al2 Ca14 Si20 O64 H8'
_cell_length_a 9.777
_cell_length_b 9.777
_cell_length_c 33.293
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 2756.099
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.896
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P -3 c 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-y,-x,1/2+z'
  'y,-x+y,-z'
  '-x,-x+y,1/2-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  '-x+y,y,1/2+z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  'y,x,1/2-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  'x,x-y,1/2+z'
  'x-y,x,-z'
  'x-y,-y,1/2-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
K   0.00000   0.00000   0.25000   0.94800   0.02310
Zn   0.00000   0.49431   0.25000   0.80200   0.00980
Al   0.33333   0.66667   0.25112   1.00000   0.00800
Ca1   0.33333   0.66667   0.11288   1.00000   0.00980
Ca2   0.91036   0.38794   0.11169   1.00000   0.01000
Ca3   0.75653  -0.05187   0.09618   1.00000   0.01130
Si1   0.66667   0.33333   0.03155   1.00000   0.00740
Si2   0.75810   0.12460   0.18744   1.00000   0.00760
Si3   0.87270   0.23860   0.31193   1.00000   0.00710
Si4   0.89340   0.20800   0.02173   1.00000   0.00790
O-h1   0.00000   0.00000   0.12290   1.00000   0.01500
O2   0.66667   0.33333   0.07930   1.00000   0.01070
O-h3   0.10000   0.60770   0.07794   1.00000   0.01210
O4   0.72460  -0.05160   0.19881   1.00000   0.01290
O5   0.58710  -0.26820   0.14137   1.00000   0.01220
O6   0.17290   0.51000   0.21832   1.00000   0.01040
O7   0.29490   0.05650   0.19824   1.00000   0.01550
O8   0.51350   0.34780   0.21654   1.00000   0.01060
O9   0.41030   0.27460   0.14053   1.00000   0.01180
O10   0.26000   0.23710   0.01397   1.00000   0.01340
O11   0.50350   0.18970   0.01354   1.00000   0.01350
O12   0.26540   0.04640   0.06664   1.00000   0.01360
H1   0.00000   0.00000   0.14100   1.00000   0.02000
H2   0.11500   0.61000   0.05900   1.00000   0.02000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.764 Å	(100)
3.35 Å	(90)
1.847 Å	(90)
16.1 Å	(70)
3.07 Å	(70)
3.14 Å	(60)
2.965 Å	(50)

Locality:

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Reference:

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits

Type Occurrence of MinehilliteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

General Appearance of Type Material:

Plates, to 5 mm, forming bands and incrustations.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, C6411, C6412, 150332

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Secondary low-temperature hydrothermal mineral,

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Allanite Group	Calcite	Diopside	Grossular	Margarosanite
Microcline	Native Lead	Vesuvianite	Wollastonite

Reference:

Synonyms of MinehilliteHide

IMA1983-001

Other Language Names for MinehilliteHide

Dutch:Minehilliet

German:Minehillit

Russian:Майнхиллит

Spanish:Minehillita

Relationship of Minehillite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Reyerite Group

Other Members of Reyerite Group:

Kodamaite	Na₃(Ca₅Na)Si₁₆O₃₆(OH)₄F₂ · (14-x)H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
Reyerite	(Na,K)₂Ca₁₄(Si,Al)₂₄O₅₈(OH)₈ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : P3
Truscottite	(Ca,Mn)₁₄Si₂₄O₅₈(OH)₈ · 2H₂O	Trig.

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

15 photos of Minehillite associated with Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
13 photos of Minehillite associated with Margarosanite	Ca₂PbSi₃O₉
13 photos of Minehillite associated with Native Lead	Pb
11 photos of Minehillite associated with Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
7 photos of Minehillite associated with Grossular	Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
4 photos of Minehillite associated with Clinopyroxene Subgroup
4 photos of Minehillite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
3 photos of Minehillite associated with Willemite	Zn₂SiO₄
2 photos of Minehillite associated with Clinohedrite	CaZn(SiO₄) · H₂O
1 photo of Minehillite associated with Axinite-(Mn)	Ca₂Mn²⁺Al₂BSi₄O₁₅(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

9.EE.	Cairncrossite	Sr₂Ca_7-xNa_2x(Si₄O₁₀)₄(OH)₂(H₂O)_15-x	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.05	Bementite	Mn₇Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈	Mon.
9.EE.07	Innsbruckite	Mn₃₃(Si₂O₅)₁₄(OH)₃₈	Mon. m : Bm
9.EE.10	'Brokenhillite'	Mn₈Si₆O₁₅(OH)₁₀	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
9.EE.10	Mcgillite	(Mn,Fe)₈Si₆O₁₅(OH)₈Cl₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.10	Friedelite	Mn²⁺₈Si₆O₁₅(OH,Cl)₁₀	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.10	Pyrosmalite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺₈Si₆O₁₅(OH,Cl)₁₀	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
9.EE.10	Pyrosmalite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺₈Si₆O₁₅(OH,Cl)₁₀	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
9.EE.15	Nelenite	Mn²⁺₁₆As³⁺₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
9.EE.15	Schallerite	Mn²⁺₁₆As₃Si₁₂O₃₆(OH)₁₇	Trig. 3m : P3m1
9.EE.20	Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.20	Yofortierite	Mn²⁺Mn²⁺₂Mn²⁺₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.20	Windhoekite	Fe³⁺(Fe³⁺_1.67◻_0.33)Ca₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.20	Windmountainite	◻Fe³⁺₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.20	Ikorskyite	KMn³⁺(Si₄O₁₀) · 3H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.EE.20	Tuperssuatsiaite	Fe³⁺Fe³⁺₂(Na◻)◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EE.20	'Unnamed (Na-Ca-Fe-Silicate-Hydrate)'	NaCa(Fe²⁺,Al,Mn)₅[Si₈O₁₉(OH)](OH)₇ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.25	Sepiolite	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnna
9.EE.25	Loughlinite	Na₂Mg₃Si₆O₁₆ · 8H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
9.EE.25	Falcondoite	(Ni,Mg)₄Si₆O₁₅(OH)₂ · 6H₂O	Orth.
9.EE.25	Kalifersite	(K,Na)₅Fe³⁺₇Si₂₀O₅₀(OH)₆ · 12H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.30	Orlymanite	Ca₄Mn₃Si₈O₂₀(OH)₆ · 2H₂O	Hex.
9.EE.30	Tungusite	Ca₄Fe₂Si₆O₁₅(OH)₆	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.30	Gyrolite	NaCa₁₆Si₂₃AlO₆₀(OH)₈ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.35	Reyerite	(Na,K)₂Ca₁₄(Si,Al)₂₄O₅₈(OH)₈ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : P3
9.EE.35	Kodamaite	Na₃(Ca₅Na)Si₁₆O₃₆(OH)₄F₂ · (14-x)H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.35	Truscottite	(Ca,Mn)₁₄Si₂₄O₅₈(OH)₈ · 2H₂O	Trig.
9.EE.40	Natrosilite	Na₂Si₂O₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.EE.45	Makatite	Na₂Si₄O₈(OH)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.EE.50	Varennesite	Na₈Mn₂Si₁₀O₂₅(OH,Cl)₂ · 12H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.EE.55	Raite	Mn²⁺Mn²⁺₂Na₂(◻_1.75Ti_0.25)Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · Na(H₂O)₆	Orth. 222 : C222
9.EE.60	Intersilite	Na₆Mn²⁺Ti[Si₁₀O₂₄(OH)](OH)₃ · 4H₂O	Mon.
9.EE.65	Zakharovite	Na₄Mn₅Si₁₀O₂₄(OH)₆ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m
9.EE.65	Shafranovskite	Na₃K₂(Mn,Fe,Na)₄[Si₉(O,OH)₂₇](OH)₂ · nH₂O	Trig. 3m : P31c
9.EE.70	Zeophyllite	Ca₁₃Si₁₀O₂₈(OH)₂F₈ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : R3
9.EE.80	Fedorite	(Na,K)_2-3(Ca₄Na₃)Si₁₆O₃₈(OH,F)₂ · 3.5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.80	Martinite	(Na,◻,Ca)₁₂Ca₄(Si,S,B)₁₄B₂O₃₈(OH,Cl)₂F₂ · 4H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.80	Ellingsenite	Na₅Ca₆Si₁₈O₃₈(OH)₁₃ · 6H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.EE.85	Lalondeite	(Na,Ca)₆(Ca,Na)₃Si₁₆O₃₈(F,OH)₂ · 3H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1

RadioactivityHide

Radioactivity:

Element	% Content	Activity (Bq/kg)	Radiation Type
Uranium (U)	0.0000%	0	α, β, γ
Thorium (Th)	0.0000%	0	α, β, γ
Potassium (K)	1.6437%	510	β, γ

For comparison:

Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg

Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.

Interactive Simulator:

Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!

Mass of radioactive mineral:

Shielding material:

Activity: –

Distance	Dose rate	Risk
1 cm
10 cm
1 m

The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μ_shield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).

D = ((A_U × Γ_U) + (A_Th × Γ_Th) + (A_K × Γ_K)) / r² × μ_shield

Fluorescence of MinehilliteHide

In UV light:

medium dull violet in SW and duller violet in LW UV

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for MinehilliteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-2719.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Look for Minehillite in the Rock H. Currier Digital Library

External Links:

Look for Minehillite on Webmineral

Look for Minehillite on Wikipedia

Look for Minehillite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for MinehilliteHide

Reference List:

Dai, Yongshan, Post, Jeffrey E., Appleman, Daniel E. (1995) Crystal structure of minehillite; twinning and structural relationships to reyerite. American Mineralogist, 80 (1) 173-178 doi:10.2138/am-1995-1-217

(2001) Minehillite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for MinehilliteHide

Showing 1 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

USA (TL)

New Jersey

Sussex County

Franklin

ⓘ Franklin Mine (TL)

Dunn et al. (1984) +1 other reference

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Minehillite

About MinehilliteHide

Unique IdentifiersHide

IMA Classification of MinehilliteHide

Classification of MinehilliteHide

Mineral SymbolsHide

Physical Properties of MinehilliteHide

Optical Data of MinehilliteHide

Chemistry of MinehilliteHide

Crystallography of MinehilliteHide

Crystal StructureHide

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Type Occurrence of MinehilliteHide

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Other Language Names for MinehilliteHide

Relationship of Minehillite to other SpeciesHide

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Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

RadioactivityHide

Fluorescence of MinehilliteHide

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Locality ListHide

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide