Gyrolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Gyrolite
Formula:
NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O
The crystal-chemical formula which accounts for
most gyrolite samples is Ca16Si24O60(OH)8.(14+x)H2O, with 0 < x < 3.
most gyrolite samples is Ca16Si24O60(OH)8.(14+x)H2O, with 0 < x < 3.
Colour:
Brown, Colorless, White, Green
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.45 - 2.51
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek guros = "circle", in allusion to the round form of the crystalline groupings
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1785
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1785:1
Similar Names
| Jarlite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Na(Sr,Na)7MgAl6F32(OH,H2O)2 |
| Tyrolite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(CO3)(OH)8 · 11H2O |
| Tyrolite (of Delamétherie) | A synonym of Lazulite |
IMA Classification of Gyrolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
NaCa16(Si23Al)O60(OH)8·14H2O
First published:
1851
Classification of Gyrolite
9.EE.30
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
Dana 7th ed.:
73.2.2.1
73.2.2c.1
73 : PHYLLOSILICATES Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets
2 : Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets with double and single layers
73 : PHYLLOSILICATES Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets
2 : Condensed Tetrahedral Sheets with double and single layers
14.5.21
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gyr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Gyrolite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Gyrolite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, Colorless, White, Green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.45 - 2.51 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.74 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Gyrolite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.535 nβ = 1.548 nγ = 1.549
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
None to Very Low
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (31°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (31°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Chemistry of Gyrolite
Mindat Formula:
NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O
The crystal-chemical formula which accounts for
most gyrolite samples is Ca16Si24O60(OH)8.(14+x)H2O, with 0 < x < 3.
The crystal-chemical formula which accounts for
most gyrolite samples is Ca16Si24O60(OH)8.(14+x)H2O, with 0 < x < 3.
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mg
Crystallography of Gyrolite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.74 Å, b = 9.74 Å, c = 22.4 Å
α = 95.71°, β = 91.51°, γ = 120.01°
α = 95.71°, β = 91.51°, γ = 120.01°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1 : 1 : 2.3
Unit Cell V:
1,823.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014488 | Gyrolite | Merlino S (1988) Gyrolite: its crystal structure and crystal chemistry Mineralogical Magazine 52 377-387 |  | 1988 | Qarusait, Greenland | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 22 Å | (very strong) |
| 11.0 Å | (strong) |
| 4.20 Å | (strong) |
| 1.82 Å | (strong) |
| 3.65 Å | (moderate strong) |
| 2.80 Å | (moderate strong) |
| 8.4-7.4 Å | (moderate diffuse) |
Comments:
Mumbai, India. Data from Mackay and Taylor (1953).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermally altered basalt and basaltic tuffs
Type Occurrence of Gyrolite
Synonyms of Gyrolite
Other Language Names for Gyrolite
Relationship of Gyrolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Gyrolite Group:
| Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O | Hex. |
| Tungusite | Ca4Fe2Si6O15(OH)6 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 280 photos of Gyrolite associated with Okenite | Ca10Si18O46 · 18H2O |
| 205 photos of Gyrolite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 169 photos of Gyrolite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 135 photos of Gyrolite associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| 119 photos of Gyrolite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 84 photos of Gyrolite associated with Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| 66 photos of Gyrolite associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
| 66 photos of Gyrolite associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 48 photos of Gyrolite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O |
| 41 photos of Gyrolite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EE. | Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| 9.EE.05 | Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| 9.EE.07 | Innsbruckite | Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38 |
| 9.EE.10 | 'Brokenhillite' | Mn8Si6O15(OH)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 |
| 9.EE.10 | Friedelite | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.15 | Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.15 | Schallerite | Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.20 | Palygorskite | ◻Al2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Yofortierite | Mn2+Mn2+2Mn2+2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windhoekite | Fe3+(Fe3+1.67◻0.33)Ca2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windmountainite | ◻Fe3+2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Ikorskyite | KMn3+(Si4O10) · 3H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Tuperssuatsiaite | Fe3+Fe3+2(Na◻)◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | 'Unnamed (Na-Ca-Fe-Silicate-Hydrate)' | NaCa(Fe2+,Al,Mn)5[Si8O19(OH)](OH)7 · 5H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Sepiolite | Mg4(Si6O15)(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Loughlinite | Na2Mg3Si6O16 · 8H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Falcondoite | (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Kalifersite | (K,Na)5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Tungusite | Ca4Fe2Si6O15(OH)6 |
| 9.EE.35 | Reyerite | (Na,K)2Ca14(Si,Al)24O58(OH)8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Kodamaite | Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2 · (14-x)H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Truscottite | (Ca,Mn)14Si24O58(OH)8 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.40 | Natrosilite | Na2Si2O5 |
| 9.EE.45 | Makatite | Na2Si4O8(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.50 | Varennesite | Na8Mn2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.55 | Raite | Mn2+Mn2+2Na2(◻1.75Ti0.25)Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · Na(H2O)6 |
| 9.EE.60 | Intersilite | Na6Mn2+Ti[Si10O24(OH)](OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Zakharovite | Na4Mn5Si10O24(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Shafranovskite | Na3K2(Mn,Fe,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EE.70 | Zeophyllite | Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.75 | Minehillite | (K,Na)2-3Ca28Zn4Al4Si40O112(OH)16 |
| 9.EE.80 | Fedorite | (Na,K)2-3(Ca4Na3)Si16O38(OH,F)2 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Martinite | (Na,◻,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Ellingsenite | Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.85 | Lalondeite | (Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2 · 3H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Gyrolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1785.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Gyrolite
Reference List:
Thomas Anderson, Thomas (1851) Description and analysis of gurolite, a new mineral species. The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 1 (2). 111-113 doi:10.1080/14786445108646700(as gurolite)
How, Henry (1861) On gyrolite occurring with calcite in apophyllite in the trap of the Bay of Fundy. American Journal of Science, S. 2 Vol. 32. 13-14 doi:10.1017/S0370164600034672
Heddle, M. F. (1889) On the Crystalline Form of Gyrolite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 8 (40) 272-273 doi:10.1180/minmag.1889.040.008.03
Heddle, Matthew Forster (1889) On the occurrence of gyrolite in India. Mineralogical Magazine, 8 (39) 199 doi:10.1180/minmag.1889.008.39.06
Heddle, M. F. (1891) On the Optic Properties of Gyrolite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 9 (44) 391 doi:10.1180/minmag.1891.009.44.06
Currie, James (1905) Note on some new localities for Gyrolite and Tobermorite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 14 (64) 93-95 doi:10.1180/minmag.1905.014.64.06
Fleischmann, F. N. A. (1910) On the occurrence of Gyrolite in County Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15 (71) 288-293 doi:10.1180/minmag.1910.015.71.04
Foshag, William F. (1924) Centrallasite from Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist, 9 (4) 88-90
Mackay, A. L., Taylor, H. F. W. (1953) Gyrolite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 30 (220) 80-92 doi:10.1180/minmag.1953.030.220.10
Meyer, J. W., Jaunarajs, K. L. (1961) Synthesis and crystal chemistry of gyrolite and reyerite. American Mineralogist, 46 (7-8) 913-933
Cann, J. R. (1965) Gyrolite and reyerite from ’S Airde Beinn, northern Mull. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (269) 1-4 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.035.269.03
Merlino, Stefano (1988) Gyrolite: Its Crystal Structure and Crystal Chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (366) 377-387 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.366.09
Elton, N. J., Hooper, J. J., Holyer, V. A. D. (1998) Al-free gyrolite from the Lizard, Cornwall, England. Mineralogical Magazine, 62 (2) 271-272 doi:10.1180/002646198547521
Siauciunas, R.; Baltakys, K. (2004) Formation of gyrolite during hydrothermal synthesis in the mixtures of CaO and amorphous SiO2 or quartz. Cement and Concrete Research, 34 (11). 2029-2036 doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.009
Localities for Gyrolite
Showing 166 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| England et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Mathew Latham coll. |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Griffin (1982) |
| www.crocoite.com (2001) |
| R. Bottrill |
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
Canada | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| King (n.d.) |
| How (1861) +1 other reference |
| How (1859) |
| How (1859) | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection (Specimen 40536) | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Cao Zhengmin et al. (1987) |
Costa Rica | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Hibsch (1934) |
| Pauliš |
Faroe Islands | |
| Betz (1981) +1 other reference |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Mineral list from Mineralienaltas.de ... |
| Burvald (2013) |
| 50 +1 other reference | |
| Schmitter (2008) | |
| 50 +1 other reference |
| Betz (1981) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| 50 +1 other reference | |
| Jørgensen (2006) |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
| Burvald (2003) | |
Federated States of Micronesia | |
| Kelly Nash Collection specimen (Ex Myer Crumb Coll.) | |
France | |
| Noack (1983) |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Domenico Preite collection |
| COUREAU |
Germany | |
| |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Koritnig (1972) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1996) |
| Hentschel (1978) +1 other reference |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (2005) |
| Merlino (1988) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
Iceland | |
| Betz (1981) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Walker (1962) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Selbekk et al. (2004) | |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Libor Hruzek Collection | |
| Libor Hruzek Collection |
| Kristmannsdottir et al. (1978) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
India | |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| |
| Personal experience-Rock Currier +4 other references |
| Moore (2002) | |
| |
| Sam Makki | |
| Sam Makki | |
| |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Ottens (2003) |
| Meyer (1982) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Arnav Khokarale Collection | |
| Stefan Koch specimen |
Italy | |
| G. Gottardi (1967) |
| Garavelli C.L. & Vurro F. (1984) |
| Passaglia et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
Japan | |
| |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Mizota (1969) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
North America | |
| 182-183. +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Larsen (2018) |
| Larsen (2018) +1 other reference |
| Peter Andresen collection |
Poland | |
| - (n.d.) |
Portugal | |
| S.M. Topa photo |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2008) |
| American Mineralogist |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa et al. (1993) |
UK | |
| Elton et al. (1998) |
| Walker (1962) |
| Trevor Boyd Collection | |
| Trevor Boyd Collection |
| S. Moreton | |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Walker (1962) |
| Trevor Boyd Collection | |
| Walker (1960) | |
| Henmi et al. (1973) |
| Walker (1960) |
| Cann (1965) +1 other reference |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference | |
| Heddle et al. (1901) |
| Stephen Moreton |
| Green et al. (1996) |
| www.picus.co.uk (2008) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Sweet et al. (1961) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Thomas Anderson (1851) +1 other reference | |
Ukraine | |
| Karpenko V. (New Data on Minerals) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Shannon (1983) +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| DeVito +2 other references |
| Foshag (1924) +3 other references |
| ... +4 other references |
| […American Journal of Science (128-129) +4 other references |
| Bargar et al. (1996) |
| Ream (1995) |
| |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Kenny Gay message 15.09.2005 +2 other references |
| Mineralogy of 10 Geothermal boreholes ... |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... | |
| Robert Simonoff | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 10 Fall ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VIII Number 2 Fall ... |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 3 Spring ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume IX Number 2 Fall 2000 | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Wilson (1995) |
| ID by Tony Kampf |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Penick (1985) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Bargar +1 other reference |
| Bargar +1 other reference |
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Malad Quarry, Malad, Mumbai Suburban District, Salsette Island, Konkan Division, Maharashtra, India