Friedelite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Friedelite
Charles Friedel
Formula:
Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10
Colour:
Tan, brown, red, "beef steak" red-brown, dark brown
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
3.04 - 3.06
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Emile Bertrand in 1876 in honour of the noted French chemist and mineralogist, Charles Friedel (12 March 1832, Strasbourg, France – 20 April 1899, Montauban, France), who was professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne. Friedel developed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877 and attempted to make synthetic diamonds. His son Georges Friedel (1865–1933) also became a renowned mineralogist and is well-known for Friedel's Law, which is used in X-ray diffraction calculations.
Isostructural with:
May be regarded as a disordered equivalent of mcgillite (Ozawa et al., 1983).
Chemically very similar to pyrosmalite-(Mn) (trigonal).
The possible As3+-equivalent is coded as 'UM1986-06-AsO:HMn'.
Compare the similar bementite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Friedelite.
Chemically very similar to pyrosmalite-(Mn) (trigonal).
The possible As3+-equivalent is coded as 'UM1986-06-AsO:HMn'.
Compare the similar bementite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Friedelite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1609
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1609:0
IMA Classification of Friedelite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+8Si6O15(OH)10
First published:
1876
Classification of Friedelite
9.EE.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
72.4.1b.1
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
4 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 4-, 6-, and 12-membered rings
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
4 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 4-, 6-, and 12-membered rings
17.3.11
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
3 : Silicates with chloride (including aluminosilicates)
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
3 : Silicates with chloride (including aluminosilicates)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Fdl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fdl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Friedelite
Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Tan, brown, red, "beef steak" red-brown, dark brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{0001}
{0001}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.04 - 3.06 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.066 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Friedelite
Type:
Biaxial
RI values:
nα = 1.654 - 1.656 nγ = 1.620 - 1.625
Birefringence:
0.032
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Dispersion:
r > v
Optical Extinction:
Nearly uniaxial
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Friedelite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Al,Zn,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Friedelite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C12/m1
Cell Parameters:
a = 23.335 Å, b = 13.396 Å, c = 7.447 Å
β = 105.08°
β = 105.08°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.742 : 1 : 0.556
Unit Cell V:
2,247.74 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually in masses, crystals may appear hexagonal or trigonal, but are generally hemimorphic.
Twinning:
Universal, repeated about [110] and [110], composition plane {001}, giving pseudorhombohedral symmetry.
Comment:
Pseudorhombohedral.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015711 | Friedelite | Kato T, Watanabe I (1992) The crystal structures of schallerite and friedelite Yamaguchi University, College of Arts Bulletin 26 51-63 | 1992 | Aderville, France | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 11.4 Å | (10) |
| 7.17 Å | (90) |
| 3.60 Å | (70) |
| 2.88 Å | (60) |
| 2.56 Å | (100) |
| 2.408 Å | (30) |
| 2.115 Å | (40) |
| 1.974 Å | (20) |
| 1.731 Å | (30) |
| 1.676 Å | (60) |
| 1.632 Å | (20) |
| 1.625 Å | (10) |
| 1.520 Å | (10) |
| 1.449 Å | (10) |
| 1.439 Å | (10) |
| 1.402 Å | (20) |
| 1.374 Å | (10) |
| 1.359 Å | (30) |
| 1.313 Å | (10) |
| 1.204 Å | (20) |
| 1.200 Å | (10) |
| 1.167 Å | (10) |
| 1.093 Å | (10) |
| 1.090 Å | (10) |
| 1.065 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 35-572. Also nearly identical to that of mcgillite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Type Occurrence of Friedelite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, numbers 22889, 22891.
Other Language Names for Friedelite
Varieties of Friedelite
| Arsenofriedelite | Possibly an arsenosilicate described later? |
Relationship of Friedelite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pyrosmalite Group:
| Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Schallerite | Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Friedelite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 37 photos of Friedelite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 36 photos of Friedelite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 14 photos of Friedelite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 8 photos of Friedelite associated with Tephroite | Mn2+2(SiO4) |
| 6 photos of Friedelite associated with Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 6 photos of Friedelite associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 5 photos of Friedelite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 5 photos of Friedelite associated with Chlorophoenicite | (Mn,Mg)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6 |
| 5 photos of Friedelite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EE. | Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| 9.EE.05 | Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| 9.EE.07 | Innsbruckite | Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38 |
| 9.EE.10 | 'Brokenhillite' | Mn8Si6O15(OH)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Mcgillite | (Mn,Fe)8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Mn) | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.10 | Pyrosmalite-(Fe) | Fe2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| 9.EE.15 | Nelenite | Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.15 | Schallerite | Mn2+16As3Si12O36(OH)17 |
| 9.EE.20 | Palygorskite | ◻Al2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Yofortierite | Mn2+Mn2+2Mn2+2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windhoekite | Fe3+(Fe3+1.67◻0.33)Ca2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Windmountainite | ◻Fe3+2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Ikorskyite | KMn3+(Si4O10) · 3H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | Tuperssuatsiaite | Fe3+Fe3+2(Na◻)◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.20 | 'Unnamed (Na-Ca-Fe-Silicate-Hydrate)' | NaCa(Fe2+,Al,Mn)5[Si8O19(OH)](OH)7 · 5H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Sepiolite | Mg4(Si6O15)(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Loughlinite | Na2Mg3Si6O16 · 8H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Falcondoite | (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.25 | Kalifersite | (K,Na)5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.30 | Tungusite | Ca4Fe2Si6O15(OH)6 |
| 9.EE.30 | Gyrolite | NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Reyerite | (Na,K)2Ca14(Si,Al)24O58(OH)8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Kodamaite | Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2 · (14-x)H2O |
| 9.EE.35 | Truscottite | (Ca,Mn)14Si24O58(OH)8 · 2H2O |
| 9.EE.40 | Natrosilite | Na2Si2O5 |
| 9.EE.45 | Makatite | Na2Si4O8(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.50 | Varennesite | Na8Mn2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2 · 12H2O |
| 9.EE.55 | Raite | Mn2+Mn2+2Na2(◻1.75Ti0.25)Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · Na(H2O)6 |
| 9.EE.60 | Intersilite | Na6Mn2+Ti[Si10O24(OH)](OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Zakharovite | Na4Mn5Si10O24(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.65 | Shafranovskite | Na3K2(Mn,Fe,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EE.70 | Zeophyllite | Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.75 | Minehillite | (K,Na)2-3Ca28Zn4Al4Si40O112(OH)16 |
| 9.EE.80 | Fedorite | (Na,K)2-3(Ca4Na3)Si16O38(OH,F)2 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Martinite | (Na,◻,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EE.80 | Ellingsenite | Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13 · 6H2O |
| 9.EE.85 | Lalondeite | (Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2 · 3H2O |
Fluorescence of Friedelite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None.
Internet Links for Friedelite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1609.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Friedelite
Reference List:
Bauer, L. H., Berman, H. (1928) Friedelite, schallerite, and related minerals. American Mineralogist, 13 (7) 341-348
Frondel, Clifford, Bauer, L. H. (1953) Manganpyrosmalite and its polymorphic relation to friedelite and schallerite. American Mineralogist, 38 (9-10) 755-760
Hey, Max H. (1956) The empirical unit cell contents of the friedelite group. American Mineralogist, 41 (1-2) 134-138
Dunn, Pete J., Peacor, Donald R., Nelen, Joseph A., Norberg, Julie A. (1981) Crystal-chemical data for schallerite, caryopilite and friedelite from Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey. American Mineralogist, 66 (9-10) 1054-1062
Pienaar, Herbert S. (1982) Gem-Quality Friedelite from the Kalahari Manganese Field Near Kuruman, South Africa. Gems & Gemology, 18 (4) 221-224 doi:10.5741/gems.18.4.221
Localities for Friedelite
Showing 70 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Plimer et al. (1983) |
Australia | |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Demetrius Pohl collection | |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) | |
| Kolitsch (2023) | |
| Francis (2004) |
| Franz Bernhard collection +1 other reference | |
| Meixner (1979) |
| Exel (1993) +1 other reference | |
| tirol.orf.at/news/stories/2612087/ +1 other reference |
| Abrecht (1990) |
Canada | |
| - (n.d.) |
China | |
| Yongbao et al. (2018) +2 other references |
France | |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Perseil (1967) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Brugger et al. (1999) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Lienau (1899) | |
| Bertrand (1876) +1 other reference |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Germany | |
| Witzke (2013) |
Italy | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Ambrino (Piero) |
| Biagioni et al. (2025) |
Kazakhstan | |
| [var: Arsenofriedelite] Frank Dzubeck +2 other references |
| [var: Arsenofriedelite] Frank Dzubeck +1 other reference | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2023) +3 other references |
| Kayupova (1964) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2008) |
Peru | |
| Bussell et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) | |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Munteanu (1993) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2019) |
| Старикова (2011) | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2017) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko & Pavol Myšľan +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Coetzee et al. (2024) |
| Pienaar (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Pohl et al. (1991) | |
Spain | |
| Jorge et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
Sweden | |
| Flink (1916) +1 other reference |
| Langhof et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Natural History Museum | |
| Lindström (1891) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) |
USA | |
| Flohr et al. (1992) |
| Burbank (1933) +1 other reference |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
| Palache (1935) | |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
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Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Persberg ore district, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden