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Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibiai
Regional Level Types
Okorusu MineOpen-Cast Mine (Repurposed)
Otjiwarongo ConstituencyConstituency
Otjozondjupa RegionRegion
NamibiaCountry

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09803690017272021797120.jpg
Okorusu mine

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09594530017272021803442.jpg
Geology of Okorusu Mountain

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09309430017272021822609.jpg
Okoruso

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09803690017272021797120.jpg
Okorusu mine

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09594530017272021803442.jpg
Geology of Okorusu Mountain

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09309430017272021822609.jpg
Okoruso

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
09803690017272021797120.jpg
Okorusu mine

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
06975560017272021935920.jpg
Geology of Okorusu Mountain

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
20° 3' 19'' South , 16° 44' 35'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
-20.05532,16.74327
GRN:
S14E12
Type:
Open-Cast Mine (Repurposed) - last checked 2024
Age:
126.6 ± 7.3 Ma
Geologic Time:
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Dating method:
Rb-Sr whole rock
Reference for age:
Milner, S. C., Le Roex, A. P., & O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995). Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwesternNamibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152(1), 97-104. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Köppen climate type:
BSh : Hot semi-arid (steppe) climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Otjiwarongo21,224 (2016)46.5km
Mindat Locality ID:
5842
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:5842:4
GUID (UUID V4):
0
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Okarusu Mine


An open pit fluorite mine located on Marburg Farm 1, 62 km north of Otjiwarongo town. Part of an alkaline igneous-carbonatite ring dike complex where fluorite has replaced pegmatitic carbonatite.

Mined since around 1920. Then closed in 1963 (Weninger, 1972). Since 1988 operated by Okorusu Fluorspar (Pty) Ltd. Sold in 1997 to Solvay SA.

The mine is famous for outstanding blue and green fluorite crystals, often with phantoms. The mine management allows a specimen miner (Peter Eysselein) to extract fluorite specimens to be sold on the international market (Brandstetter, 2011). The first specimen mining contract was granted to Christopher L. Johnston, Johnston Namibia CC in 2001. Johnston Namibia CC mined specimens until late 2003. Prior to Mr. Johnston and Mr. Eysselein mining specimens, Okorusu Fluorspar (Pty) Ltd informally collected and offered specimens for sale, with proceeds being used for community development.

The Early-Cretaceous alkaline rocks/sövite complex intruded Late Precambrian Damara series (quartzites, marbles, and biotite schists). The metasedimentary rocks have been fenitized in the vicinity of the intrusion. Fluorite also replaces host-rocks (marbles and biotite schists).

REE-bearing minerals occur in beforsitic carbonatite dikes and carbonate-fluorite-bearing metasomatites. Their HREE content is significant.

Closed in 2014 due to increased stripping ratio and beneficiation problems.

The mine assets were bought by Gecko Namibia. Currently, Gecko uses parts of the processing plant for beneficiation of graphite from a neighbouring mine (Okandje).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

47 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
Description: In sodic fenites associated withpegmatitic carbonatites. In fenites.
References:
Journal of Microtextural Mineralogy, 52 (4), 2000, pp. 17-20.
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Analcime
Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Andradite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Ankerite
Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Description: In pegmatitic carbonatites and in associated sodic fenites.
References:
Journal of Microtextural Mineralogy, 52 (4), 2000, pp. 17-20.
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
Description: Baryte occurs with fluorite and quartz.
References:
Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9
Kogut, A. I., Hagni, R. D. & Schneider, G. I. C. (1998): Geology, mineralogy, and paragenetic sequence of the Okorusu carbonatite-related fluorite ores, Namibia. In: Ed. Hagni, R. D., Proc. 9th Quadrenn. IAGOD Symp., 1994, 555-573.
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Cairncross, Bruce (2004) Field Guide to Rocks & Minerals of Southern Africa. 288pp.
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'
Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
Hagni, R.D., , and Viladkar, S.G., (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. in Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Burbankite
Formula: (Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Description: In pegmatitic carbonatites and in associated sodic fenites : crystals up to 10 cm diameter. In fenites.
References:
Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Weninger, H. (1972): Zwei bemerkenswerte Mineralvorkommen in Südwestafrika. Der Karinthin 66, 280-284.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Hagni, R.D., , and Viladkar, S.G., (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. in Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Cancrinite
Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ Celestine
Formula: SrSO4
ⓘ Cerussite
Formula: PbCO3
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'
ⓘ Cryolite
Formula: Na2NaAlF6
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Hagni, R.D., , and Viladkar, S.G., (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. in Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series var. Hortonolite'
Formula: from (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F
✪ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
Habit: Cubic (sharp & lustrous)
Colour: Deep sea green to purple
Fluorescence: Brilliant blue (best LW UV; SW UV).
Description: This mine produced some of the finest sea green fluorite crystal specimens in the world. Fluorite replaces calcite in pegmatitic carbonatites and associated sodic fenites, but also host-rock marbles and biotite schists.
References:
Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Weninger, H. (1972): Zwei bemerkenswerte Mineralvorkommen in Südwestafrika. Der Karinthin 66, 280-284.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Rustemeyer, Paul (2000) Okorusu: Fundstelle attraktiver Fluorite in Namibia [Okorusu: Site of attractive fluorites in Namibia]. Lapis, 25 (3). 24-29; 50
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Hagni, R.D., , and Viladkar, S.G., (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. in Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite
Formula: (Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ Goethite
Formula: Fe3+O(OH)
Description: Replaces pyrite, pyrrhotite and aegirine-augite.
ⓘ Halite
Formula: NaCl
ⓘ Hedenbergite
Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
Description: Replaces titanomagnetite in pegmatite carbonatites replaced by fluorite.
ⓘ Hematite var. Martite
Formula: Fe2O3
Description: Replaces titanomagnetite in pegmatite carbonatites replaced by fluorite.
ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'
Formula: ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
ⓘ Kyanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ 'Limonite'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Weninger, H. (1972): Zwei bemerkenswerte Mineralvorkommen in Südwestafrika. Der Karinthin 66, 280-284.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Description: In sodic fenites associated with pegmatitic carbonatites. Secondary magnetite after replacement of pyrrhotite by goethite.
References:
Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Hagni, R.D., , and Viladkar, S.G., (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. in Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Description: In pegmatitic carbonatites : crystals up to 13 cm diameter. In fenites.
ⓘ 'Manganese Oxides'
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Microperthite'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Monazite Group'
Formula: REE(PO4)
ⓘ Nahcolite
Formula: NaHCO3
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘ Orthoclase
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Parisite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Description: In pegmatitic carbonatites and in associated sodic fenites.
References:
Journal of Microtextural Mineralogy, 52 (4), 2000, pp. 17-20.
Kogut, A. I., Hagni, R. D. & Schneider, G. I. C. (1998): Geology, mineralogy, and paragenetic sequence of the Okorusu carbonatite-related fluorite ores, Namibia. In: Ed. Hagni, R. D., Proc. 9th Quadrenn. IAGOD Symp., 1994, 555-573.
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)'
Formula: (Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
Description: In pegmatitic carbonatites and in associated sodic fenites..
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
References:
Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Weninger, H. (1972): Zwei bemerkenswerte Mineralvorkommen in Südwestafrika. Der Karinthin 66, 280-284.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
ⓘ Quartz var. Citrine
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)
Formula: Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
ⓘ Siderite ?
Formula: FeCO3
ⓘ Smythite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
ⓘ Sodalite
Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ Strontianite
Formula: SrCO3
ⓘ Sylvite
Formula: KCl
ⓘ 'Synchysite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Description: Inclusions.
ⓘ Thorite
Formula: Th(SiO4)
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
References:
Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
Van Zijl, P.J. 1962. The geology, structure and petrology of the alkaline intrusions of Kalkfeld and Okorusu and the invaded Damara rocks. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A, 37, 237-339.
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
ⓘ Topaz
Formula: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)
Formula: Y(PO4)
ⓘ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)

Gallery:

BaSO4ⓘ Baryte
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Baryte

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Baryte, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
CaCO3ⓘ Calcite
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Calcite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
SrSO4ⓘ Celestine
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Celestine, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Celestine, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Celestine, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
CaF2ⓘ Fluorite
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Fluorite

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
Fe3+O(OH)ⓘ Goethite
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Goethite, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Goethite, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
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Goethite, etc.

Okorusu Mine, Otjiwarongo Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘPyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
ⓘSmythite2.CC.10(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘHalite3.AA.20NaCl
ⓘSylvite3.AA.20KCl
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
ⓘvar. Yttrofluorite3.AB.25(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
ⓘCryolite3.CB.15Na2NaAlF6
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group
var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)'		4.00.(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
ⓘGoethite4.00.Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘvar. Titanium-bearing Magnetite4.BB.05Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘvar. Martite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘQuartz
var. Citrine		4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘ4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘNahcolite5.AA.15NaHCO3
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘSiderite ?5.AB.05FeCO3
ⓘAnkerite5.AB.10Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘCerussite5.AB.15PbCO3
ⓘStrontianite5.AB.15SrCO3
ⓘBurbankite5.AC.30(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
ⓘRöntgenite-(Ce)5.BD.20dCa2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘCelestine7.AD.35SrSO4
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘXenotime-(Y)8.AD.35Y(PO4)
ⓘFluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3F
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘAndradite9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘvar. Melanite9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘThorite9.AD.30Th(SiO4)
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘKyanite9.AF.15Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘTopaz9.AF.35Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘDiopside9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘHedenbergite9.DA.15CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘCancrinite9.FB.05(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘSodalite9.FB.10Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
ⓘAnalcime9.GB.05Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Unclassified
ⓘ'Alkali Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Bastnäsite'-(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Monazite Group'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Feldspar Group
var. Perthite'		-
ⓘ'Parisite'-Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ'Synchysite'-Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ⓘ'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'-
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Hornblende Root Name Group'-◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Manganese Oxides'-
ⓘ'Microperthite'-
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series
var. Hortonolite'		-from (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
ⓘ'Sodic amphibole'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Hⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ NahcoliteNaHCO3
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Hⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
CCarbon
Cⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Cⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Cⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ CerussitePbCO3
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ NahcoliteNaHCO3
Cⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Cⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Cⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
OOxygen
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Oⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Oⓘ CerussitePbCO3
Oⓘ Quartz var. CitrineSiO2
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Oⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ Hematite var. MartiteFe2O3
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Oⓘ NahcoliteNaHCO3
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Oⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Oⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Oⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Oⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Oⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Oⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series var. Hortonolitefrom (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
FFluorine
Fⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ CryoliteNa2NaAlF6
Fⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Fⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Fⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Fⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Fⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Naⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Naⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Naⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ CryoliteNa2NaAlF6
Naⓘ HaliteNaCl
Naⓘ NahcoliteNaHCO3
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Mgⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series var. Hortonolitefrom (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Alⓘ CryoliteNa2NaAlF6
Alⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Alⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Alⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Siⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Siⓘ Quartz var. CitrineSiO2
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Siⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Siⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Siⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Siⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series var. Hortonolitefrom (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Pⓘ Monazite GroupREE(PO4)
Pⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sⓘ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
ClChlorine
Clⓘ HaliteNaCl
Clⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Clⓘ SylviteKCl
Clⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ SylviteKCl
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Caⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Caⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Caⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Tiⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ Hematite var. MartiteFe2O3
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Feⓘ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Feⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Feⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Feⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series var. Hortonolitefrom (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4
NiNickel
Niⓘ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
CuCopper
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
ZnZinc
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
SrStrontium
Srⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Srⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Srⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
YYttrium
Yⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Yⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Yⓘ Fluorite var. Yttrofluorite(Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3
Yⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)7
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Baⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
LaLanthanum
Laⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Laⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ceⓘ Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5
Ceⓘ Röntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3
Ceⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Ceⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
NdNeodymium
Ndⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ndⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Ndⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
PbLead
Pbⓘ CerussitePbCO3
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
ThThorium
Thⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)

Localities in this Region

Namibia

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AfricaContinent
African PlateTectonic Plate

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References

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Prins, P. 1981. The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1, Geologie, 3, 145-278.
https://www.mining-technology.com/news/newsokorusu-mine-in-namibia-to-close-ending-400-jobs-4422012/
Wolf, F., Mischo, H., Elmiess, R. (2018) Mine design of an underground fluorspar mine in Okorusu, Namibia. Mining Engineering: 70(2): 24-28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323185491_Mine_design_of_an_underground_fluorspar_mine_in_Okorusu_Namibia
Hagni, R.D., Shivdasan, P.A. (2000) Characterizing megascopic textures in fluorospar ores at Okorusu mine. Journal of Mineralogy: 52: 17-19.
Einecke, G. (1956).
Weninger, H. (1972) Zwei bemerkenswerte Mineralvorkommen in Südwestafrika. Der Karinthin: 66: 280-284. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DerKarinthin_66_0001-0036.pdf
King, Vandall T., Robinson, George W. (1989) What's New in Minerals? - Sixteenth Annual Rochester Academy of Science Mineralogical Symposium. The Mineralogical Record, 20 (5) 387-399
Daul, J., Bauer, K., Moser, P. (1993) Bergbau in Namiba - Erfahrungen einer Studienreise. Institut für Bergbaukunde, Bergtechnik und Bergwirtschaft, Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe No. 3, Leoben, Austria, 130 pages (in German).
Harris, Chris (1995) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Mesozoic anorogenic complexes of Damaraland, northwest Namibia: evidence for crustal contamination and its effect on silica saturation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122 (3) 308-321 doi:10.1007/s004100050130
MILNER, S. C., LE ROEX, A. P., O'CONNOR, J. M. (1995) Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (1). 97-104 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0097
Kogut, A.I., Hagni, R.D., Schneider, G.I.C. (1998) Geology, mineralogy, and paragenetic sequence of the Okorusu carbonatite-related fluorite ores, Namibia. In: Hagni, R.D. (Ed.) (1998) Proceedings of the 9th Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium: 555-573.
Le Roex, A. P., Lanyon, R. (1998) Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland Lamprophyres and Carbonatites, Northwestern Namibia: Evidence for Plume--Lithosphere Interactions. Journal of Petrology, 39 (6) 1117-1146 doi:10.1093/petroj/39.6.1117
Hagni, R. D. (1999) Mineralogy of beneficiation problems involving fluorspar concentrates from carbonatite-related fluorspar deposits. Mineralogy and Petrology, 67 (1) 33-44 doi:10.1007/bf01165114
Rustemeyer, Paul (2000) Okorusu: Fundstelle attraktiver Fluorite in Namibia [Okorusu: Site of attractive fluorites in Namibia]. Lapis, 25 (3). 24-29; 50
www.tms.org (n.d.) http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0004/Hagni-0004.html
Woolley, A. R. (2001) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 3: Africa - Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. The Geological Society of London.p.205
Hagni, R.D.; Shivdasan, P.A. (2001) Recognition of pegmatitic carbonatite intrusions in sodic fenite and their importance in the localisation of the fluorite ores at Okorusu, Namibia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 32 (1). A17 doi:10.1016/s0899-5362(01)90036-3
Hagni, R. D., Shivdasan, P. R. (2001) Application of cathodoluminescence microscopy to the study of carbonatite-related fluorspar ores, host rock carbonatites and beneficiation products at Okorusu, Namibia. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 18 (4). 203-208 doi:10.1007/bf03403251
Orris, Greta J., Grauch, Richard I. (2002) Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. Open-File Report 2002-189. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr02189
Bühn, B., Rankin, A.H., Schneider, J., Dulski, P. (2002) The nature of orthomagmatic, carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE,Sr-rich fluorite: fluid-inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 186 (1) 75-98 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(01)00421-1
Shivdasan, P.A. (2003) Petrology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of pyroxene and pegmatitic carbonatite and the associated fluorspar deposit at Okorusu alkaline igneous carbonatite complex, Namibia. University of Missouri-Rolla.
Cairncross, Bruce (2004) Field Guide to Rocks & Minerals of Southern Africa. 288pp.
Hagni, R.D., Viladkar, S.G. (2006) Similarities And Disimilarities Between The Fluorspar Deposits At The Amba Dongar, India And Okorusu, Namibia Carbonatite Complexes. Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts Volume 31.
Miller, R. McG. (2008). Early Cretaceous anorogenic ring complexes and plutons of the Damaraland Suite. In: R. McG Miller The Geology of Namibia, Vol. 3: Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. Ministry of Mines and Energy Geological Survey, Windhoek, Namibia, 18-1–18-138.
Brandstetter, R. (2011) Aus der Okorusu Mine in Namibia: Neue Fluoritfunde mit spektakulären Phantombildungen. Lapis: 36(9): 13-23; 62.
Van der Meersche, E., Brandstetter, R. (2011) Sensationell flächenreiche Fluorite aus dem B-Pit der Okorusu Mine, Namibia. Lapis: 36(9): 24-26; 62.
Cairncross, Bruce (2018) The Okorusu mine, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia. The Mineralogical Record, 49 (3) 375-398
Lohmeier, S., Machleidt, J., Klemd, R., Ellmies, R. (2023) Okorusu tailings – Part II: REE mineralisation, and oxygen and carbon isotope variations. South African Journal of Geology, 126 (3) 315-336 doi:10.25131/sajg.126.0015
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