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Sylvite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About SylviteHide

03313760017271927066978.jpg
François Sylvius de le Boe
Formula:
KCl
Colour:
Colourless, grey, white, yellowish to reddish, seldom blue or violet
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.993
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From Latin "sal digestibus Sylvii", salts of Sylvius, named after Franz (Franciscus) Sylvius de le Boë (15 March 1614, Hanau, Holy Roman Empire - 19 November 1672, Leiden, Republic of the United Netherlands), a physician and chemist of Leiden, Netherlands.
May deposit from volcanic gas, as shown in an experiment of Africano et al. (2002), in which it is a predominant precipitate at 550°C.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3850
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3850:4

Similar NamesHide

SulvaniteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfatheredCu3VS4
SylvaniteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfatheredAgAuTe4

IMA Classification of SylviteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of SylviteHide

3.AA.20

3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H2O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.
9.1.1.2

9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX
8.1.6

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
SylIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
SylWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
SyvThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
SylWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of SylviteHide

Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, grey, white, yellowish to reddish, seldom blue or violet
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
1.993(5) g/cm3 (Measured)    1.987 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of SylviteHide

Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.4903
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Distinct pleochroism observed in colored crystals with weak anomalous birefringence (especially noted in mechanically deformed crystals).
Comments:
Anomalously anisotropic when strained.

Chemistry of SylviteHide

Mindat Formula:
KCl
Element Weights:
Element% weight
K52.445 %
Cl47.555 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
K
Cl
CAS Registry number:
7447-40-7

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society
Common Impurities:
Br,CO2=C,O

Crystallography of SylviteHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.2931 Å
Unit Cell V:
249.23 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals cubic; cubooctahedral or octahedral habits less common. Massive, coarsely granular to compact. Columnar structure rare; as crusts.
Twinning:
On {111} (artificial crystals only).

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0003201SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040298
0012650SylviteWill G (1981) Energiedispersion und Synchrotronstrahlung: Eine neue Methode und eine neue Strahlenquelle fuer die Roentgenbeugung _cod_database_code 1000050 Fortschritte der Mineralogie 59 31-9419810293
0011994SylviteAhtee M (1969) Lattice constants of some binary alkali halide solid solutions. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A6: Physica 313 1-1119690293
0011329SylviteWyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York rocksalt structure Crystal Structures 1 85-23719630293
0003203SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040373
0003208SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040473
0003213SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040573
0003217SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040673
0003222SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040773
0003226SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040873
0003202SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.04309
0003204SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.19373
0003209SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.31473
0003205SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.39373
0003210SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.55473
0003218SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.61673
0003214SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.67573
0003206SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.86373
0003219SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.86673
0003223SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.89773
0003227SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020040.99873
0003211SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.02473
0003215SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.17573
0003220SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.34673
0003207SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.5373
0003224SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.5773
0003212SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.57473
0003216SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.62573
0003221SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.65673
0003225SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.71773
0003229SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.73873
0003228SylviteWalker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-21020041.73873
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

Epitaxial Relationships of SylviteHide

Epitaxial Minerals:
Epitaxy Comments:
Hematite inclusions with {0001} of hematite parallel to {001}, {111}, or {011} of halite. Minute halite inclusions oriented in parallel position to the sylvite.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Loading XRD data...
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.146 Å(100)
2.224 Å(59)
1.816 Å(23)
1.407 Å(20)
1.284 Å(13)
1.573 Å(8)
1.0490 Å(6)
0.8410 Å(6)
Comments:
Synthetic. Data from Swanson and Tatge (1953).

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration4.566-4.550
5 : Primary asteroid phases4.566–4.560
Near-surface Processes
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals]
Geological Setting:
Evaporites in sedimentary basins, sublimate in volcanic fumaroles, burning coal.

Type Occurrence of SylviteHide

Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Evaporite deposit

Synonyms of SylviteHide

Other Language Names for SylviteHide

Varieties of SylviteHide

Bromine-bearing SylviteA Br-bearing variety (2-6 wt.% Br), synthetic: experimentally deposited from volcanic (Iodake crater, Satsuma-Ioujima) gas in silica tubes (850oC at the inlet).
Rubidium-bearing SylviteA variety containing 0.5 wt.% Rb, synthetic: deposited from fumarolic gas of Iodake crater, Satsuma-Ioujima volcano, in silica tubes (850oC at the inlet).

Relationship of Sylvite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of Halite Group:
CarobbiiteKFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
GriceiteLiFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
HaliteNaClIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
VilliaumiteNaFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
159 photos of Sylvite associated with HaliteNaCl
34 photos of Sylvite associated with 'Shale'
12 photos of Sylvite associated with CarnalliteKMgCl3 · 6H2O
6 photos of Sylvite associated with LangbeiniteK2Mg2(SO4)3
5 photos of Sylvite associated with Bastnäsite-(Ce)Ce(CO3)F
4 photos of Sylvite associated with 'Native Ytterbium'Yb
4 photos of Sylvite associated with 'Native Molybdenum'Mo
2 photos of Sylvite associated with GörgeyiteK2Ca5(SO4)6 · H2O
2 photos of Sylvite associated with SaltonseaiteK3NaMnCl6
2 photos of Sylvite associated with 'Glass'

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

3.AA.Brontesite(NH4)3PbCl5Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.05MarshiteCuIIso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.05NantokiteCuClIso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.05'UM1999-11:I:CuS'Cu(I,S)
3.AA.05Miersite(Ag,Cu)IIso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.10Tocornalite(Ag,Hg)I (?)Hex.
3.AA.10IodargyriteAgIHex. 6mm : P6mm
3.AA.15BromargyriteAgBrIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.15ChlorargyriteAgClIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20HaliteNaClIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20VilliaumiteNaFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
3.AA.20CarobbiiteKFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20GriceiteLiFIso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.25'UM1998-03-Cl:Tl'TlCl
3.AA.25NataliyamalikiteTlIOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
3.AA.25LafossaiteTl(Cl,Br)Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
3.AA.25SalammoniacNH4ClIso. m3m(4/m32/m)
3.AA.30Calomel[Hg2]2+Cl2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.30Moschelite[Hg2]2+I2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.30KuzminiteHgBrTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.35NeighboriteNaMgF3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
3.AA.35ParascandolaiteKMgF3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
3.AA.40JavorieiteKFeCl3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.40ChlorocalciteKCaCl3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.45KolaritePbTeCl2Orth.
3.AA.50RadhakrishnaitePbTe3(Cl,S)2Tet.
3.AA.55ChallacolloiteKPb2Cl5Mon. 2/m : P21/b
3.AA.60HephaistositeTlPb2Cl5Mon. 2/m : P21/b
3.AA.90PseudocotunniteK2PbCl4Orth.

RadioactivityHide

Radioactivity:
Element % Content Activity (Bq/kg) Radiation Type
Uranium (U) 0.0000% 0 α, β, γ
Thorium (Th) 0.0000% 0 α, β, γ
Potassium (K) 52.4448% 16,258 β, γ

For comparison:

  • Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
  • Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
  • EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg

Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.

Interactive Simulator:

Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!

Activity:

DistanceDose rateRisk
1 cm
10 cm
1 m

The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).

D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:
Melts at 790°. Highly diathermanous.
Notes:
Water soluble. Taste salty but more astringent than halite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Source for potassium

Sylvite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for SylviteHide

References for SylviteHide

Reference List:

Localities for SylviteHide

Showing 374 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Africa
 
  • Afar Triangle (Afar Depression)
Holwerda et al. (1968)
Antarctica
 
  • East Antarctica
    • Princess Elizabeth Land
      • Ingrid Christensen Coast
Gore et al. (2000)
    • Queen Maud Land
      • Lützow-Holm Bay
        • East Ongul Island
Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa
    • Victoria Land
      • Ross Archipelago
        • Ross Island
Kammerer (2011)
  • West Antarctica
    • Antarctic Peninsula
      • South Shetland Islands
Viramonte et al. (1974)
Argentina
 
  • Mendoza Province
    • Malargüe Department
      • Malargüe District
Benedetto et al. (1998)
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Westmoreland County
Podgson RE
    • Yancowinna Co.
      • Broken Hill district
Birch (1999)
  • Queensland
    • Cloncurry Shire
      • Rosebud Station
        • Mary Kathleen district
T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and ... +1 other reference
  • Tasmania
    • Waratah-Wynyard municipality
      • Waratah district
        • Waratah-Mt Bischoff
Bottrill +1 other reference
  • Western Australia
    • Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire
      • Haig
        • Sleeper Camp
Berkley et al. (1978)
Austria
 
  • Burgenland
    • Neusiedl am See District
      • Illmitz
A.Csaplovics (2014)
A.Csaplovics (2014)
A.Csaplovics (2014)
A.Csaplovics (2014)
      • Sankt Andrä am Zicksee
A.Csaplovics (2014)
  • Lower Austria
    • Horn District
      • Drosendorf-Zissersdorf
        • Wollmersdorf (Zettlitz-Wollmersdorf)
Müller (2016)
  • Salzburg
    • Hallein District
      • Abtenau
        • Rigaus
          • Webing
Strasser (1989)
Strasser (1989)
    • St. Johann im Pongau District
      • Bad Gastein
Strasser (1989)
  • Tyrol
    • Innsbruck-Land District
      • Absam
        • Hall valley
Spötl (1989)
  • Upper Austria
    • Gmunden District
      • Hallstatt
Exel (1993)
Belarus
 
  • Minsk Region
    • Lyuban District
Belaruskali
Корулин (1976)
    • Salihorsk District
Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 6 +2 other references
Belgium
 
  • Wallonia
    • Hainaut
      • Saint-Ghislain
Demaiffe et al. (1991)
Bolivia
 
  • Oruro
    • Sabaya Province
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009)
  • Potosí
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)
    • Sud Lípez Province
Bentz et al. (2017)
Bentz (2017)
Bentz (2017)
Botswana
 
  • North-West District
McCarthy et al. (1986)
Brazil
 
  • Mato Grosso
    • Juína
Kaminsky et al. (2013) +2 other references
Kaminsky et al. (2015)
  • São Paulo
    • Cajati
COSTANZO et al. (2006)
da Silva et al. (2000)
    • Rosário do Catete
www.cetem.gov.br (n.d.) +1 other reference
Canada
 
  • Manitoba
    • Ellice RM
B.B. Bannatyne (1983)
B.B. Bannatyne (1983)
  • New Brunswick
    • Kings Co.
      • Cardwell Parish
        • Penobsquis
Roulston et al. (1981) +1 other reference
      • Hammond Parish
Anderle et al. (1979)
  • Northwest Territories
    • Lac de Gras
Dominion Diamond Mines
Kamenetsky et al. (2013)
Abersteiner et al. (2018)
  • Nova Scotia
    • Cumberland Co.
Rickaby (1923) +1 other reference
      • Pugwash
Boehner (1986)
  • Québec
    • Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine
      • Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine TE
        • Grosse Île
Sabina (2003)
    • Laurentides
      • Deux-Montagnes RCM
Chen et al. (2013)
  • Saskatchewan
Grice (1989)
152. +3 other references
    • Rocanville
Collection of NHM
    • Saskatoon
Funk et al. (2021)
Cape Verde
 
  • Sotavento Islands
    • Fogo Island
Universidade de Evora +1 other reference
Chile
 
  • Antofagasta
    • Antofagasta Province
      • Antofagasta
        • Escondida
          • La Escondida Mine
Barrick Gold Corporation
    • El Loa Province
      • Calama
        • Chuquicamata District
Cameron et al. (2007)
TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER ...
    • Tocopilla Province
      • María Elena
        • Oficina María Elena
Collao et al. (2002)
China
 
  • Inner Mongolia
    • Baotou City
      • Bayan Obo mining district
H.-R. Fan et al.: International Geology Review 46 (7)
    • Chifeng City (Ulanhad League; Chifeng Prefecture)
      • Linxi County
Li et al. (2026)
    • Xilingol League (Xilinguole Prefecture)
      • East Ujimqin Banner (Dongwuzhumuqin Co.; Dongwu Qi)
Yu et al. (2026)
      • Xilinhot City (Xilinhaote Co.)
Chen et al. (2023)
  • Liaoning
    • Dalian
      • Wafangdian City
Huifang Liu (2002)
  • Qinghai
    • Hainan
Sun Da-peng et al. (2002) +1 other reference
    • Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
      • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan Co.)
Xiyu Zheng (1994) +1 other reference
      • Golmud City (Ge'ermu Co.)
Dongsheng Hu (1990)
Botao Li et al. (2010) +1 other reference
Min Mo et al. (1986) +1 other reference
      • Mangnai City (Mangya Co.)
Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference
        • Lenghu Co.
Xiyu Zheng (1994)
Xiying Zhang et al. (2007)
Shaoxiu (1991)
Yuhua Chen et al. (1998)
  • Shandong
    • Linyi
      • Mengyin County
        • Mengyin Kimberlite field
          • Changma Kimberlite belt
Gorshkov et al. (2006)
  • Shanxi
    • Shuozhou
Xiong et al. (2022)
  • Sichuan
    • Chengdu
Zhang Bing et al. (2018)
Miao et al. (2024)
Miao et al. (2024)
  • Tibet
    • Lhasa
      • Maizhokunggar Co. (Mozhugongka Co.)
Zhao et al. (2015)
    • Nagqu
      • Nyima Co. (Nima Co.)
Qian Wu et al. (2013)
      • Shuanghu Co.
Shaoxiu (1991)
    • Xigazê Prefecture (Rikaze Prefecture; Shigatse Prefecture)
      • Zhongba Co.
Yong-Sheng Zhang et al. (2005)
  • Xinjiang
    • Bayin'gholin Autonomous Prefecture
      • Lopnur Co. (Yuli Co.; Weili Co.)
Ma et al. (2026)
      • Ruoqiang Co. (Qakilik Co.; Chaqiliq Co.)
Bingxiao (1992)
Tang (2005)
    • Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture)
      • Yizhou District
Tang (2005)
    • Turpan
      • Gaochang District
Tang (2005)
      • Shanshan Co.
Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007)
  • Yunnan
    • Nujiang
Xue et al. (2007)
    • Pu'er
      • Jiangcheng County
Weihao Yue et al. (2011) +3 other references
Costa Rica
 
  • Alajuela Province
    • San Carlos Canton
      • Arenal Vulcano National Parc
Stoiber et al. (1974)
Czech Republic
 
  • Moravian-Silesian Region
    • Karviná District
      • Orlová
        • ČSA Mine
Matýsek et al. (2026)
DR Congo
 
  • North Kivu
    • Nyiragongo Territory
Bailey (1980)
Egypt
 
  • Red Sea Governorate
Hamdy et al. (2011)
El Salvador
 
  • Sonsonate Department
Stoiber et al. (1974)
Ethiopia
 
  • Afar Region
    • Kilbet Rasu
Hovland et al. (2018)
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
Eurasian Plate
 
Ding et al. (2026)
Wang et al. (2017)
Finland
 
  • Lapland
    • Savukoski
      • Tulppio
gac.esd.mun.ca (n.d.)
France
 
  • Grand Est
    • Haut-Rhin
      • Thann-Guebwiller
Belot (1978)
    • Moselle
      • Sarrebourg-Château-Salins
  • Occitanie
    • Gard
      • Alès
        • Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers
De Ascenção Guedes (2006)
  • Réunion
Vlastélic et al. (2013)
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
        • Buggingen
Braitsch et al. (1964)
  • Hesse
    • Kassel Region
      • Fulda
        • Neuhof
Krah et al. (1988)
      • Hersfeld-Rotenburg
        • Heringen
Weiß (1990)
        • Phillippsthal
Weiß (1990)
  • Lower Saxony
    • Celle District
      • Wathlingen
Weiß (1990)
    • Göttingen District
      • Bovenden
        • Reyershausen
Niemann (1960)
    • Hanover Region
      • Lehrte
Weiß (1990)
      • Ronnenberg
Weiß (1990)
      • Sehnde
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehnde
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehnde
        • Wehmingen
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehnde
      • Uetze
        • Hänigsen
Weiß (1990) +1 other reference
      • Wunstorf
        • Bokeloh
mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.)
    • Helmstedt District
      • Königslutter am Elm
        • Beienrode
George Graf collection
    • Lüneburg District
      • Lüneburg
Weiß (1990)
    • Northeim District
      • Uslar
        • Volpriehausen
Palache et al. (1951)
  • Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
    • Ludwigslust-Parchim
Palache et al. (1951)
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Cologne
      • Aachen
        • Alsdorf
in: Stracher +1 other reference
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Mayen-Koblenz
      • Mendig
        • Mendig
Blaß et al. (1995)
          • Wingertsberg
      • Pellenz
        • Kruft
    • Südwestpfalz
      • Hauenstein
        • Wilgartswiesen
Frenzel (1964)
Frenzel (1964)
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Börde
      • Flechtingen
        • Beendorf
www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.)
      • Zielitz
Leon Hupperichs collection
    • Salzlandkreis
      • Aschersleben
Palache et al. (1951)
      • Bernburg
Witzke (2012)
      • Börde-Hakel
        • Westeregeln
Naumann
      • Bördeaue
        • Tarthun
Brockt et al. (2001)
      • Staßfurt
Palache et al. (1951)
...
  • Saxony
    • Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
      • Dippoldiswalde
Leopardi et al. (2024)
  • Thuringia
    • Kyffhäuser District
      • Sondershausen
Palache et al. (1951)
    • Nordhausen District
Effmert +1 other reference
Effmert et al. (2007)
BOEKE (1909)
Leon Hupperichs collection
      • Sollstedt
www.harzergruben.de (n.d.)
    • Wartburg District
      • Krayenberggemeinde
W.I. Borrisenkow (1968)
Greece
 
  • Central Macedonia
    • Chalkidiki
      • Polygyros
Sideridis et al. (2022)
Sideridis et al. (2022)
  • North Aegean
    • Samos
      • Eastern Samos
Helvaci et al. (1993)
Hungary
 
  • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
    • Tokaj District
      • Erdőbénye
Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018)
Iceland
 
  • Southern Region
    • Vestmannaeyjar
      • Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands)
        • Heimaey Island
Mitolo et al. (2008)
India
 
  • Rajasthan
    • Nagaur District
Sinha et al. (2003)
Indonesia
 
  • Special Region of Yogyakarta
Symonds (1993)
Iran
 
  • Hormozgan Province
    • Khamir County
Talbot et al. (2009)
Israel
 
  • Northern District
    • Safed Subdistrict
      • Galil Elyon Regional Council
Cowgill (1989)
Italy
 
  • Apulia
    • Metropolitan City of Bari
      • Gravina in Puglia
D’Angeli et al. (2022)
      • Molfetta
        • Pulo di Molfetta
Laviano R. (2007)
  • Calabria
    • Cosenza Province
      • Cassano all'Ionio (Cassano allo Ionio)
Catalano et al. (2014)
  • Campania
    • Metropolitan City of Naples
      • Bacoli
Fedele L. et al. (2006)
      • Boscotrecase
Parascandola (1959)
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
      • Ottaviano
Parascandola (1959) +1 other reference
Pelloux (1927) +3 other references
Pellino et al. (2025)
  • Sicily
    • Agrigento Province
      • Racalmuto
        • Racalmuto saliferous deposit
Adamo et al. (1979)
Adamo et al. (1979)
Jervis (1881) +1 other reference
Jervis (1881) +1 other reference
    • Caltanissetta Province
Jervis (1881)
        • Belici salt deposit
Jervis (1873) +1 other reference
      • San Cataldo (San Cattaldo)
Roda (1970) +3 other references
    • Enna Province
      • Calascibetta
Jervis (1881)
      • Enna
Roda (1970) +4 other references
    • Metropolitan City of Catania
      • Etna Volcanic Complex
- (n.d.) +2 other references
      • Zafferana Etnea
www.cse.speleo.it
    • Metropolitan City of Messina
      • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
        • Lipari
- (n.d.) +5 other references
          • Vulcano Island
Italo Campostrini list - 2008
    • Syracuse Province
      • Buscemi
Manuella (2011) +1 other reference
Japan
 
  • Fukushima Prefecture
    • Minamisōma City
Seki et al. (1987)
  • Kagoshima Prefecture
    • Kagoshima District
      • Mishima village
Nitta et al. (2006)
Nitta et al. (2006)
Africano et al. (2002) +1 other reference
  • Tokyo Metropolis
    • Ōshima Subprefecture
      • Oshima
        • Oshima Island
Dr. Kinichi Sakurai collection
Kazakhstan
 
  • Aktobe Region
    • Aktobe
ERCOSPAN (2011)
  • Atyrau Region
    • Inder District
Pekov et al. (1993) +2 other references
  • West Kazakhstan Region
    • Terekti District
      • Aksai Valley
ERCOSPAN (2011) +1 other reference
Kenya
 
  • Trans-Nzoia County
    • Mount Elgon
Bowell et al. (1996)
Laos
 
  • Khammouane Province
    • Thakhek District
Xiying Zhang et al. (2010) +1 other reference
Mexico
 
  • Chihuahua
    • Aquiles Serdán Municipality
      • Santa Eulalia Mining District
        • East Camp
Megaw (1990)
  • Coahuila
    • Cuatro Ciénegas Municipality
      • Cuatro Ciénegas
        • Limestone caves
Forti (2006)
  • Guanajuato
Mariano et al. (2014, June)
  • Mexico
    • Zacazonapan Municipality
Charoy et al. (1984)
Morocco
 
  • Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra Region
    • Tarfaya Province
      • Daoura-El Hagounia Cercle
        • El Hagounia Caïdat
A. J. Irving et al. (2010)
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Walvis Bay Rural
      • Okahandja Lineament Playas
Eckardt et al. (2010)
  • Otjozondjupa Region
    • Otjiwarongo Constituency
      • Kalkfeld
Buehn et al. (1999) +1 other reference
Bühn et al. (2002)
Netherlands
 
  • Gelderland
    • Winterswijk
      • Ratum
T.G. Nijland
  • Groningen
    • Groningen
      • Zuidwending
nlog.nitg.tno.nl (n.d.)
Pichat (2022)
New Zealand
 
  • Waikato Region
    • Hauraki District
      • Paeroa
members.segweb.org (n.d.) +3 other references
Nicaragua
 
  • León Department
Stoiber et al. (1974)
Niger
 
  • Agadez
Saidou et al. (2015)
Saidou et al. (2015)
  • Tahoua
    • Abalak
Saidou et al. (2015)
Saidou et al. (2015)
Norway
 
  • Agder
    • Farsund
Konnerup-Madsen (1979) +1 other reference
  • Akershus
    • Eidsvoll
      • Minnesund
Rondeau et al. (2008)
  • Buskerud
    • Drammen
      • Konnerud
Segalstad et al. (2002)
    • Kongsberg
Hansteen et al. (1994)
    • Øvre Eiker
      • Gunhildrud
Jahren et al. (1998)
  • Nordland
    • Flakstad
      • Flakstadøya
        • Nusfjord
Markl et al. (1998)
  • Telemark
    • Kragerø
Larsen (2018)
Pakistan
 
  • Punjab Province
    • Jhelum District
      • Khewra
Ullah (1963)
Peru
 
  • Lima
    • Yauyos Province
Alvarez A et al. (1988)
  • Piura
    • Huancabamba Province
      • Canchaque
Carlson et al. (1980)
Poland
 
  • Greater Poland Voivodeship
    • Koło County
      • Gmina Kłodawa
Jirásek +7 other references
  • Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
    • Inowrocław County
      • Inowrocław
Eligiusz Szełęg collection
    • Mogilno County
Wachowiak et al. (2012)
  • Lesser Poland Voivodeship
    • Olkusz County
      • Gmina Bolesław
J. Cabala et al. (2008)
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Kłodzko County
      • Nowa Ruda
        • Słupiec Mine
Fabiańska et al. (2013)
    • Lubin County
Kucha (2021)
    • Polkowice County
      • Gmina Polkowice
Kucha (2021)
  • Podlaskie Voivodeship
Volume 26 +1 other reference
  • Silesian Voivodeship
    • Wodzisław County
      • Radlin
Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon)
Republic of the Congo
 
  • Kouilou Department
de Ruiter (1979)
    • Madingo-Kayes
Henry Rauche (2009)
Romania
 
  • Alba County
    • Lupșa
      • Mușca
A.H. Damman et al.
Russia
 
  • Arkhangelsk Oblast
    • Zimny Bereg District
      • Zimny Bereg kimberlite field
        • Verkhotina occurrence
Golovin et al. (2023)
  • Irkutsk Oblast
Andreeva et al. (2006)
    • Lena-Angara salt Basin
Pekov (1998)
    • Lower Tunguska
      • Nepa River basin
Pekov et al. (2001) +3 other references
    • Nizhneilimsky District
      • Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky
Mazurov et al. (2007)
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Milkovsky District
      • Tolbachik Volcanic field
        • Great Fissure eruption (Main Fracture)
          • Northern Breakthrough (North Breach)
Vergasova L P et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +1 other reference
Pekov et al. (2015) +3 other references
Pekov et al. (2015)
Vergasova et al. (2000)
        • Plosky Tolbachik Volcano
Sharygin et al. (2018) +1 other reference
    • Yelizovsky District
      • Kronotsky Reserve
Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin
Henderson et al. (1999)
Пекин (2010) +1 other reference
  • Orenburg Oblast
    • Yasnensky District
      • Kumak ore field
Hawthorne et al. (1988)
  • Perm Krai
    • Solikamsky District
      • Solikamsk
Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference
          • Romanovskiy area
Chaikovskiy et al. (2019)
  • Primorsky Krai
    • Mikhaylovsky District
V.V. Seredin data
  • Sakha
    • Anabarsky District
Logvinova et al. (2019)
    • Mirninsky District
      • Daldyn
M. Kamenetsky et al. +2 other references
Golovin (2025)
    • Upper Muna kimberlite field (Verkhne-Munskoe; Verkhnemunsky)
Potapov et al. (2022)
  • Sakhalin Oblast
    • Kuril Islands
      • Kurilsky District
        • Iturup Island
Africano et al. (2003) +3 other references
  • Tuva
Sharygin (2016) +1 other reference
  • Udmurt Republic
    • Votkinsky District
webmineral.ru (n.d.)
  • Volgograd Oblast
    • Pallasovsky District
Korytov et al. (2005, May)
Seychelles
 
Gorshkov et al. (2000)
Slovakia
 
  • Košice Region
    • Spišská Nová Ves District
      • Mlynky
Grecula (1995)
South Africa
 
  • Free State
    • Thabo Mofutsanyane District Municipality
      • Setsoto Local Municipality
        • Clocolan
Kamenetsky et al. (2014)
  • North West
    • Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
      • Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality
        • Abjaterskop Farm
Martini et al. (1978) +1 other reference
  • Northern Cape
    • Frances Baard District Municipality
      • Sol Plaatje Local Municipality
        • Kimberley
          • KEM JV Mine (Kimberley Ekapa Mining Joint Venture mine; Kimberley Underground mine)
Giuliani et al. (2012) +2 other references
    • Pixley ka Seme District Municipality
      • Ubuntu Local Municipality
Abersteiner et al. (2024)
Spain
 
  • Canary Islands
    • Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province
      • La Palma
        • Cumbre Vieja Area
Campeny et al. (2023)
  • Catalonia
    • Barcelona
      • Bages
        • Cardona
Calvo Rebollar (2006) +1 other reference
Calvo Rebollar (2006)
        • Sallent
Calvo Rebollar (2006)
        • Súria
Calvo Rebollar (2006)
  • Extremadura
    • Badajoz
      • Mérida
J.C. Fernandez-caliani et al.
  • Valencian Community
    • Alicante
      • Orihuela
Benavente et al. (2018, September)
Sweden
 
  • Norrbotten County
    • Kiruna
      • Kiruna Town Mining District
Lindblom et al. (1996)
  • Västernorrland County
    • Sundsvall
Kresten (1990)
Switzerland
 
  • Valais
    • Goms
      • Binn
        • Fäld
Müller (2012)
Tanzania
 
  • Arusha region
    • Ngorongoro District
Mitchell (1997) +6 other references
Thailand
 
  • Maha Sarakham Province
Tabakh et al. (1998)
  • Nakhon Ratchasima Province
    • Chaloem Phra Kiat district
Suwanich (2010)
Tunisia
 
  • Kef
    • Sakiet Sidi Youssef (Saqiyat Sidi Yusuf)
Mlayah et al. (2009)
  • Nabeul
    • Sidi Jedidi (Sidi Jadidi)
Yoshida et al. (2002)
Turkmenistan
 
  • Lebap Region
    • Chardzhou
Yongsheng Zhang et al. (2005)
  • Mary Region
Yongsheng Zhang et al. (2005)
Uganda
 
  • Western Region
    • Kasese
      • Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field (Katwe volcanic field)
Kasedde et al. (2014)
UK
 
  • England
    • North Yorkshire
      • Redcar and Cleveland
        • Loftus
Embrey (1978) +3 other references
      • Scarborough
        • Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby
Armstrong et al. (1951)
Armstrong et al. (1951)
Armstrong et al. (1951)
        • Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre
Smith et al. (2014)
        • LCPs of Fylingdales and Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre
Smith et al. (2014)
Kemp et al. (2016)
      • Stockton-on-Tees
        • Billingham
Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ...
Ukraine
 
  • Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Bukowski +3 other references
  • Lviv Oblast
    • Drohobych Raion
      • Drohobych
Griniv et al. (1986)
  • Zhytomyr Oblast
    • Zhytomyr Raion
Bailey (1980) +1 other reference
USA
 
  • Alabama
    • Clarke County
Cook et al. (1982)
  • Arizona
    • Maricopa County
Garvie (2016)
Peirce (1969) +1 other reference
  • California
    • Imperial County
RRUFF Project Specimen ID: R050166 +1 other reference
        • Mullet Island
Adams et al. (2014)
    • Inyo County
      • Deep Springs Valley
Jones (1961) +2 other references
- (2005)
  • Colorado
    • Dolores County
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Gunnison County
      • Dorchester Mining District
        • Taylor Park
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Montezuma County
Eckel et al. (1997)
  • Illinois
    • Hancock County
      • Hamilton
Mahaffey et al. (2022)
  • Louisiana
    • Iberia Parish
R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
    • Plaquemines Parish
Smith (1994)
Smith (1994)
  • Michigan
Heinrich et al. (2004)
Heinrich et al. (2004)
  • Nevada
    • Humboldt County
      • Sulphur Mining District
        • Sulphur
          • Hycroft Mine
Castor et al. (2004)
    • Lander County
      • Battle Mountain Mining District
        • Copper Canyon mine
Castor et al. (2004)
    • White Pine County
Castor et al. (2004)
  • New Mexico
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
    • Eddy County
AmMin 47:152
Hawley +5 other references
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965) +1 other reference
- (2005)
- (2005)
Keith Christy specimens +1 other reference
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965) +1 other reference
- (2005)
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965)
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965)
- (2005)
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965)
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965)
U.S. Geological Survey staff (1965) +1 other reference
- (2005)
- (2005)
Northrop et al. (1996)
- (2005)
- (2005)
    • Lincoln County
      • Capitan Mountains
Northrop et al. (1996)
  • New York
    • Livingston County
      • Retsof
Robinson et al. (2007)
      • York
Jensen (1978)
  • North Dakota
Geology of Bottineau County (North Dakota Geological Survey) +1 other reference
www.dmr.nd.gov (2009)
www.dmr.nd.gov (2009)
  • Texas
    • Duval County
      • Benavides
Smith (1991)
    • Jefferson County
      • Hamshire
Darrell Munson et al. (2003)
    • Matagorda County
      • Clemville
R&M 45:6 pp 371-379
    • Presidio County
      • Chinati Mountains
        • Shafter Mining District
GSA Conference (2001)
Alminas +2 other references
  • Utah
    • Emery County
- (2005)
    • Grand County
- (2005)
- (2005)
      • Crescent Eagle
- (2005)
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
      • Interriver Mining District
Bullock (1981)
Bullock (1981)
      • Little Grand Mining District
- (2005)
      • Mineral Canyon Mining District
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
- (2005)
- (2005)
      • Thompsons Mining District
Bullock (1981)
    • San Juan County
      • Lisbon Valley Mining District
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
      • Paradox Basin
Omer B. Raup and Beth M. Madsen (1986)
Bullock (1981)
    • Tooele County
      • Bonneville Salt Flats
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
Bullock (1981)
      • Salt Flats
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
      • Silver Island Mining District
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
Bullock (1981)
The Moon
 
  • Mare Crisium
Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)
 
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