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Villiaumite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Villiaumite

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite, etc.

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite, etc.

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

Villiaumite, etc.

Aris Quarries, Aris, Windhoek Rural, Khomas Region, Namibia

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About VilliaumiteHide

Formula:

NaF

Colour:

Dark carmine-red, dark red, light orange, pink

Lustre:

Vitreous

Hardness:

2 - 2½

Specific Gravity:

2.79

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Halite Group

Name:

Named by Alfred Lacroix in 1908 after Charles Maxime Villiaume (17 June 1858, Nomexy, Vosges, Grand Est, France - 1920, Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, France), French explorer and officer in the colonial artillery corps stationed in northern Madagascar, for his help in the acquisition of mineral and rock collections from Madagascar and Guinea. Founder of the Compagnie minière de Guinée, administrator of the Mines de la Haute-Guinée, the Siguiri mines and the Société d'études minières de l’Afrique française. The species was first found in his collection.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Rouma Island, Los Archipelago (Los Islands), Conakry Region, Guinea

The Na analogue of carobbiite.

Water-soluble and toxic!

According to Calas et al. (2021) the red colour comes from metal Na nanoparticles, 2.5–3 nm in diameter. Similar nanoparticles impart blue colour to halite.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Villiaumite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

4181

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:4181:8

Similar NamesHide

Villemite

A synonym of Willemite

IMA Classification of VilliaumiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1908

Classification of VilliaumiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

3.AA.20

3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H₂O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.

Dana 8th ed.:

9.1.1.3

9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX

Hey's CIM Ref.:

8.1.2

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Vll	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of VilliaumiteHide

Lustre:

Vitreous

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Dark carmine-red, dark red, light orange, pink

Comment:

The reddish colours were thought to be due to structural defects, caused by irradiation (Sørensen, 1973; Jahn et al., 2014). However, according to Calas et al. (2021) the red colour comes from metal Na nanoparticles, 2.5–3 nm in diameter.

Villiaumite samples began to change color very slowly after being heated above 300 °C in a muffle furnace. Subsequent color changes required heating at increasingly higher temperatures for approximately 48–72 h. Samples of the reddish mineral villiaumite turned orange, pink and finally colorless (at approximately at 430 °C).
Heating is accompanied by strong thermoluminescence (Sørensen, 1973).

Streak:

White

Hardness:

2 - 2½ on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
On {001}.

Parting:

Translation gliding with T{011}, t[011], and probably also T{001}, t[011].

Density:

2.79 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.81 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of VilliaumiteHide

Type:

Isotropic

RI values:

n = 1.327 - 1.328

Surface Relief:

Very High (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Pleochroism:

Strong

Comments:

E = yellow
O = pink to deep carmine

Comments:

Weak anomalous birefringence.

Chemistry of VilliaumiteHide

Mindat Formula:

NaF

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Na	54.753 %
F	45.247 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

F, Na - search for minerals with similar chemistry

CAS Registry number:

7681-49-4

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society

Crystallography of VilliaumiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fd3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 4.6342 Å

Unit Cell V:

99.52 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Cubic, often rounded crystals; massive, granular.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0011357	Villiaumite	Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York rocksalt structure Crystal Structures 1 85-237	1963	293
0018029	Villiaumite	Barth T, Lunde G (1927) Ueber das Mineral Villiaumit _cod_database_code 1011141 Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Geologie, A1927 57-66	1927	293
0018133	Villiaumite	Bragg W (1920) Crystal structure of Na F _cod_database_code 1011282 Nature 105 646-648	1920	293
0009251	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	302.6
0009252	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	341.1
0009253	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	381
0009254	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	421
0009255	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	449
0009256	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	481
0009257	Villiaumite	Deshpande V T (1961) Thermal expansion of sodium fluoride and sodium bromide Acta Crystallographica 14 794-794	1961	527

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Villiaumite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Wyckoff R W G'
_journal_name_full 'Crystal Structures'
_journal_volume 1 
_journal_year 1963
_journal_page_first 85
_journal_page_last 237
_publ_section_title
;
 Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York
 rocksalt structure
;
_database_code_amcsd 0011357
_chemical_formula_sum 'Na F'
_cell_length_a 4.620
_cell_length_b 4.620
_cell_length_c 4.620
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 98.611
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.828
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F m 3 m'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Na   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000
F   0.50000   0.50000   0.50000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.319 Å	(100)
1.639 Å	(60)
1.338 Å	(17)
1.0363 Å	(12)
0.9458 Å	(8)
1.1588 Å	(7)
2.680 Å	(3)

Comments:

Synthetic.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic)
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks

Geological Setting:

Alkalic rocks.

Type Occurrence of VilliaumiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Rouma Island, Los Archipelago (Los Islands), Conakry Region, Guinea

General Appearance of Type Material:

Carmine red to dark violet masses 1-3 mm in size.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 108.220/6 (cotype).
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Paris, France, number 51037 (cotype).

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Small miarolytic cavities in nepheline syenite.

Other Language Names for VilliaumiteHide

Dutch:Villiaumiet

German:Villiaumit

Russian:Виллиомит

Simplified Chinese:氟盐

Spanish:Villiaumita

Traditional Chinese:氟鹽

Relationship of Villiaumite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Halite Group

Other Members of Halite Group:

Carobbiite	KF	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
Griceite	LiF	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
Halite	NaCl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
Sylvite	KCl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

108 photos of Villiaumite associated with Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
68 photos of Villiaumite associated with Tuperssuatsiaite	Fe³⁺Fe³⁺₂(Na◻)◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 2H₂O
54 photos of Villiaumite associated with Ellingsenite	Na₅Ca₆Si₁₈O₃₈(OH)₁₃ · 6H₂O
46 photos of Villiaumite associated with Pectolite	NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH)
39 photos of Villiaumite associated with Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
34 photos of Villiaumite associated with Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
26 photos of Villiaumite associated with Fluorite	CaF₂
20 photos of Villiaumite associated with Thermonatrite	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
16 photos of Villiaumite associated with Hilairite	Na₂Zr[SiO₃]₃ · 3H₂O
13 photos of Villiaumite associated with Serandite	NaMn²⁺₂Si₃O₈(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

3.AA.	Brontesite	(NH₄)₃PbCl₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.05	Marshite	CuI	Iso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.05	Nantokite	CuCl	Iso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.05	'UM1999-11:I:CuS'	Cu(I,S)
3.AA.05	Miersite	(Ag,Cu)I	Iso. 43m : F43m
3.AA.10	Tocornalite	(Ag,Hg)I (?)	Hex.
3.AA.10	Iodargyrite	AgI	Hex. 6mm : P6mm
3.AA.15	Bromargyrite	AgBr	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.15	Chlorargyrite	AgCl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20	Sylvite	KCl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20	Halite	NaCl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20	Carobbiite	KF	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.20	Griceite	LiF	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
3.AA.25	'UM1998-03-Cl:Tl'	TlCl
3.AA.25	Nataliyamalikite	TlI	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
3.AA.25	Lafossaite	Tl(Cl,Br)	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
3.AA.25	Salammoniac	NH₄Cl	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
3.AA.30	Calomel	[Hg₂]²⁺Cl₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.30	Moschelite	[Hg₂]²⁺I₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.30	Kuzminite	HgBr	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.AA.35	Neighborite	NaMgF₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
3.AA.35	Parascandolaite	KMgF₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
3.AA.40	Javorieite	KFeCl₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.40	Chlorocalcite	KCaCl₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.AA.45	Kolarite	PbTeCl₂	Orth.
3.AA.50	Radhakrishnaite	PbTe₃(Cl,S)₂	Tet.
3.AA.55	Challacolloite	KPb₂Cl₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.AA.60	Hephaistosite	TlPb₂Cl₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.AA.90	Pseudocotunnite	K₂PbCl₄	Orth.

Fluorescence of VilliaumiteHide

In UV light:

Dark red to orange and yellow fluorescence under SW and LW UV.

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:

Becomes colourless when heated above 300° (see also commments on colour). Melts to a thin liquid, at the melting point of 993 °C ( Wikepedia) becoming white and opaque on cooling.

Notes:

Soluble in water. Strong thermoluminescence.

Health Risks:

Poisonous! Fluoride ion in water-soluble form is what makes this mineral highly toxic. Its availability in macrospecimens, and the attractive colour, might lure small children into tasting it. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Affects respiratory system, heart, skeleton, circulatory system, central nervous system and kidneys. Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Irritation effects may be delayed.
Wash hands after handling; do not generate dust by grinding or sawing; and keep out of reach of small children.
Oral ld50 close to 50mg/kg (52 in rat, 57 in mouse).
See MSDS Ref. S3722

External Links

Search for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

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References for VilliaumiteHide

Reference List:

Lacroix, A. (1908): Sur l'existance du fluorure de sodium cristallisé comme èlèment des syènites nèphèliniques des Îles de Los. Comptes Rendu, Academie des Sciences, Paris: 146(5): 213-216.

Davey (1921): Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics.

Davey (1923): Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: 21: 143.

Barth, T. & Lunde, G. (1927): Über das Mineral Villiaumit. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1927, 57-66 (in German).

Swanson, H.E., Tatge, E. (1953) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Circular 539, 1, 63-64.

Stormer, J.C., Carmichael, I.S.E. (1970): Villiaumite and the occurrence of fluoride minerals in igneous rocks. American Mineralogist: 55: 126-134.

Sørensen E. (1973): On the adsorption of some anionic collectors on fluoride minerals. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 45, 601-607.

Petersen, O.V. (1981): The first natural crystal of NaF, villiaumite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 3: 111-113.

Horváth, László, Gault, Robert A. (1990) The Mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. The Mineralogical Record, 21 (4) 281-359

(2005) Villiaumite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Jahn, S., von Bezing, L., Wartha, R. (2014) Aris bei Windhoek in Namibia. Mineralien-Welt: 25(1): 84-110 (in German).

Calas, Georges; Galoisy, Laurence; Geisler, Alexis (2021) Sodium nanoparticles in alkali halide minerals: Why is villiaumite red and halite blue? American Mineralogist, 106 (5). 838-842 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7917

Talla, Dominik, Beran, Anton, Škoda, Radek (2023) Natural and artificial OH defect incorporation into fluoride minerals at elevated temperature—a case study of sellaite, villiaumite and fluorite. Mineralogy and Petrology, 117 (2) 359-372 doi:10.1007/s00710-023-00824-3

[1]Chruszcz-Lipska, Katarzyna, Szostak, Elżbieta, Zborowski, Krzysztof Kazimierz (2023) Innovative Structural Characterization of Natural Villiaumite Crystal. Minerals, 13 (12) doi:10.3390/min13121531

Localities for VilliaumiteHide

Showing 55 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Brazil
Minas Gerais Poços de Caldas ⓘ Bortolan quarry	ELLERT (1969)
ⓘ Poços de Caldas alkaline complex	Azzi et al. (2018) +1 other reference

Canada
Northwest Territories North Slave Region Blachford Lake alkaline complex Thor Lake syenite complex ⓘ Nechalacho deposit	MÖLLER (2016)
Québec Montérégie La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM Mont Saint-Hilaire ⓘ Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH)	Grice (1989) +1 other reference
Lajemmerais RCM Varennes & St-Amable ⓘ Saint-Amable sill	Horváth et al. (1998)
ⓘ Demix-Varennes quarry	Horváth et al. (1998)

Greenland
Kujalleq ⓘ Ilímaussaq complex	Petersen (2001) +1 other reference
Kuannersuit Plateau (Kvanefjeld) ⓘ Kvanefjeld deposit	Thomas Witzke photo
ⓘ Drill Core 49	Petersen et al. (2001)
ⓘ Drill Core 53	Khomyakov et al. (2001)
ⓘ Kvanefjeld adit	Petersen +3 other references

Guinea
Conakry Region ⓘ Los Archipelago (Los Islands)	Gerasimovskii et al. (Guinea) +8 other references
ⓘ Kassa Island	Lacroix (1931) +2 other references
ⓘ Rouma Island (TL)	Lacroix (1908) +3 other references

Italy
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles	Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference

Japan
Hokkaidō Prefecture Iburi Subprefecture Usu District ⓘ Shōwa-shinzan volcano	Oana (1962)

Kenya
Kajiado County ⓘ Lake Magadi	Nielsen (1999)

Namibia
Khomas Region Windhoek Rural Aris ⓘ Aris Quarries	von Knorring et al. (1992) +6 other references

Norway
Telemark Nome ⓘ Fen Complex	Neumann (1985)

Poland
Silesian Voivodeship Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap ?	Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) +3 other references

Russia
Irkutsk Oblast ⓘ Bol’shaya Tagna massif	Andreeva et al. (2006)
Krasnoyarsk Krai ⓘ Gorevskoe	Kovalev et al. (2023)
Murmansk Oblast Carbonatite Stock in the vicinity of Tul'ilukht Bay ⓘ Olenii Ruchei (Olenii Creek; Oleny Ruchei)	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ Koashkar Mt	Pekov (1998)
Koashva Mt ⓘ IGC Stop 2-2	Arzamastsev et al. (2008)
ⓘ Koashva Open Pit	[World of Stones 95:5-6 +7 other references
ⓘ Kukisvumchorr Mt	ZRMO 138 (2)
ⓘ Kirovskii apatite mine	[World of Stones 95:5-6 +1 other reference
ⓘ Lovozero Massif	Mikhailova et al. (2022)
Lovozersky District ⓘ Alluaiv Mountain	Pekov (2003) +1 other reference
ⓘ Umbozero mine	Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)
ⓘ Shomiokitovoe pegmatite	Khomyakov et al. (1992) +1 other reference
ⓘ Sirenevaya pegmatite	V. Grishin collection
ⓘ Karnasurt Mountain	[World of Stones 95:5-6 +2 other references
ⓘ Karnasurt mine	Rastsvetaeva +3 other references
ⓘ Mine dump	Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data
ⓘ Palitra pegmatite	Pekov et al. (2004) +1 other reference
ⓘ Yubileinaya pegmatite	Pluth et al. (1997)
ⓘ Kedykverpakhk Mountain	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ N'orkpakhk Mt	ZVMO 135 (1)
ⓘ Rasvumchorr Mt	Am Min 79:1011 +2 other references
Rasvumchorr Mine ⓘ Apatitovyi Tsirk	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ Tsentral'nyi Mine	Sokolova et al. (2005) +1 other reference
ⓘ Restin'yun Mt	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ Rischorr Mt
ⓘ Vuonnemiok River Valley	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ Yukspor Mountain	Pekov (1998)
ⓘ Material'naya Adit	Kapustin et al. (1982) +2 other references
Zabaykalsky Krai Gazimuro-Zavodsky District ⓘ Kultuma Deposit	Kovalev et al. (2019)

Spain
Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife ⓘ ~~Alcala~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Candelaria Barranco Hondo ⓘ ~~Lava flow~~	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ ~~Playa de Paraiaso~~	Dill et al. (2023)

Tanzania
Arusha region Ngorongoro District ⓘ Ol Doinyo Lengai	ZAITSEV et al. (2006) +1 other reference

USA
Colorado Boulder County Jamestown Mining District ⓘ Porphry Mountain	Eckel et al. (1997)
New Mexico Colfax County Springer Point of Rocks Mesa ⓘ Point of Rocks Quarry	Rocks & Min.:60:229.

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Villiaumite

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