Schulténite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Schulténite
August B. de Schultén
Formula:
Pb(HAsO4)
Colour:
Colourless; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
5.943 - 6.08
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in honor of August Benjamin de Schultén (19 December 1856, Viborg, Finland - 29 September 1912, Paris, France), Professor of Chemistry at Helsingfors, Finland and Paris, France. He had earlier synthesized the artificial compound.
See also Unnamed (P-analogue of Schultenite).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Schulténite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Schulténite.Name Encoding
ASCII-7:
Schultenite
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3590
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3590:9
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Schulténite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+(As5+O3OH)
First published:
1926
Classification of Schulténite
8.AD.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
37.1.2.1
37.1.2.1
37 : ANHYDROUS ACID PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES AND VANADATES
1 : Miscellaneous
37 : ANHYDROUS ACID PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES AND VANADATES
1 : Miscellaneous
20.5.2
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Slt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Schulténite
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Brilliant
Colour:
Colourless; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010}, good.
On {010}, good.
Density:
5.943 - 6.08 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.041 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
6.05 to 6.07 (artificial material)
Optical Data of Schulténite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.890 nβ = 1.910 nγ = 1.976
2V:
Measured: 58° , Calculated: 60°
Birefringence:
0.086
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.086
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong
Optical Extinction:
X=b, Y∧c = -24°, Z∧c = 66°.
Chemistry of Schulténite
Mindat Formula:
Pb(HAsO4)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Schulténite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Setting:
P2/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.842 Å, b = 6.758 Å, c = 4.858 Å
β = 95.4°
β = 95.4°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.864 : 1 : 0.719
Unit Cell V:
190.94 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals flattened {010}; commonly rhomboidal and resembling gypsum. {010} striated [001], {001} striated [100].
Twinning:
Fishtail twins observed
Comment:
Ranges: a 5.820 b 6.743 c4.847, beta 95.34-95.9
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0013023 | Schulténite | Wilson C C, Cox P J, Stewart N S (1991) Structure and disorder in schultenite, lead hydrogen arsenate Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research 21 589-593 | 1991 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.35 Å | (vvs) |
| 3.13 Å | (vs) |
| 1.950 Å | (vsb) |
| 1.778 Å | (sb) |
| 2.19 Å | (ms) |
| 1.683 Å | (ms) |
| 1.546 Å | (ms) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Schulténite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Thin crystal plates, transparent and colourless, to 1 cm across with a thickness of 1 mm.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1926,205.
National School of Mines, Paris, France.
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian), Washington, D.C., USA, 106356.
National School of Mines, Paris, France.
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian), Washington, D.C., USA, 106356.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Found in the oxidized zones of lead deposits.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Schulténite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 22 photos of Schulténite associated with Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8 photos of Schulténite associated with Mallestigite | Pb3Sb5+(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 8 photos of Schulténite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 6 photos of Schulténite associated with Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
| 6 photos of Schulténite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 3 photos of Schulténite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 3 photos of Schulténite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 2 photos of Schulténite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 2 photos of Schulténite associated with 'Copper-bearing Adamite' | (Zn,Cu)2AsO4OH |
| 2 photos of Schulténite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.AD. | 'Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of ximengite)' | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD. | Keplerite | Ca9(Ca0.5◻0.5)Mg(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Mazorite | Ba3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD. | Deynekoite | Ca9◻Fe3+(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Monazite-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.05 | Nahpoite | Na2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.10 | Weilite | Ca(HAsO4) |
| 8.AD.10 | Švenekite | Ca(H2AsO4)2 |
| 8.AD.10 | Monetite | Ca(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.15 | Archerite | (K,NH4)(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.15 | Biphosphammite | NH4(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.20 | Phosphammite | (NH4)2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.25 | Buchwaldite | NaCa(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Dreyerite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Anningite-(Ce) | (Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Pretulite | Sc(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | 'Chernovite-(Ce)' | (Ce,Y)(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) |
| 8.AD.40 | Pucherite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.45 | Ximengite | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | 'UM2005-35-VO:CaFePSiTh' | (Th,Ca)(VO4,SiO4,PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(La) | La(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Cheralite | CaTh(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD.55 | Tetrarooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.60 | Chursinite | [Hg2]2+Hg2+2[AsO4]2 |
| 8.AD.65 | Clinobisvanite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.70 | Gurimite | Ba3(VO4)2 |
| 8.AD.75 | Picaite | NaCa[AsO3OH][AsO2(OH)2] |
Fluorescence of Schulténite
Dull yellow in LW UV
Other Information
Notes:
Pseudomorphically replaced by anglesite at Tsumeb (?).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Insecticide
Internet Links for Schulténite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3590.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Schulténite
Reference List:
McDonnell, C. C.; Smith, C. M. (1916) The arsenates of lead. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38 (10). 2027-2038 doi:10.1021/ja02267a014p.2030
Spencer, L. J., Mountain, E. D. (1926) Schultenite, a new mineral, from South-West Africa. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 21 (115) 149-155 doi:10.1180/minmag.1926.021.115.02
Hänni, Henry A., Stern, Willem B., Glor, Martin (1978) New data on stranskiite from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2) 213-215
Falls, R., Cannon, B., Mandarino, J. A. (1985) Schultenite from King County, Washington, USA; a second occurrence, and review. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (350) 65-69 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.08
Effenberger, H., Pertlik, F. (1986) Schultenit, PbHAsO4, und PbHPO4: Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen nebst einer Diskussion zur Symmetrie. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 35 (3). 157-166 doi:10.1007/bf01082083
Magalhães, M. Clara F., Pedrosa de Jesus, Julio D., Williams, Peter A. (1988) The Chemistry of Formation of Some Secondary Arsenate Minerals of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (368) 679-690 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.368.12
Symes, R. F., Wirth, M., Young, B. (1990) Schultenite from Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria: the first British occurrence. Mineralogical Magazine, 54 (377) 659 doi:10.1180/minmag.1990.054.377.23
Wilson, C. C., Cox, P. J., Stewart, N. S. (1991) Structure and disorder in schultenite, lead hydrogen arsenate. Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research, 21 (5) 589-593 doi:10.1007/bf01161081
Localities for Schulténite
Showing 50 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch (SXRD-analysis) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2020) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Bojar (1993) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora J. (1995) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2011) | |
| Plášil et al. (2006) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Möhn et al. (07/2020) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Italy | |
| Found by C. Balestra and probed by P. ... |
| Carmagnola et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
Namibia (TL) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 62: 440. +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
Switzerland | |
| Lengenbach Research Community +2 other references |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection First ... |
UK | |
| Symes et al. (1990) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Falls et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
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Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia