Krauskopfite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Krauskopfite
Konrad B. Krauskopf
Formula:
BaSi2O5 · 3H2O
Colour:
White to colourless
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
3.14
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in honour of Konrad Bates Krauskopf (November 30, 1910 – May 4, 2003), professor of geochemistry at Stanford University and noted for his work in radioactive waste disposal.
This page provides mineralogical data about Krauskopfite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2271
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2271:8
IMA Classification of Krauskopfite
Approved
IMA Formula:
BaSi2O5·3H2O
Approval year:
1964
First published:
1965
Classification of Krauskopfite
9.DH.30
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
H : Inosilicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si4O12
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
H : Inosilicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si4O12
74.3.4.2
74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers
3 : Modulated Layers with joined strips
74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers
3 : Modulated Layers with joined strips
14.7.2
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kkp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Krauskopfite
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavages
Colour:
White to colourless
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010} and {001} intersecting at 90°, with a third poor cleavage at a high angle to the other two.
Perfect on {010} and {001} intersecting at 90°, with a third poor cleavage at a high angle to the other two.
Density:
3.14(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.10 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Krauskopfite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.574(2) nβ = 1.587(2) nγ = 1.599(2)
2V:
Measured: 88° (5), Calculated: 87°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.025
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Optical Extinction:
X = b; Y ∧ a = 6°; Z ∧ c = 10.5°. a ∧ c = 94° 32' +/- 8'.
Chemistry of Krauskopfite
Mindat Formula:
BaSi2O5 · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Sr,K
Crystallography of Krauskopfite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.460(5) Å, b = 10.622(6) Å, c = 7.837(4) Å
β = 94.53(1)°
β = 94.53(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.796 : 1 : 0.738
Unit Cell V:
702.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
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Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012050 | Krauskopfite | Coda A, dal Negro A, Rossi G (1967) The crystal structure of krauskopfite Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 42 859-873 | 1967 | Rush Creek locality, Fresno County, California | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.84 Å | (100) |
| 6.36 Å | (45) |
| 5.34 Å | (45) |
| 3.01 Å | (40) |
| 6.7 Å | (30) |
| 3.94 Å | (30) |
| 3.66 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Krauskopfite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Grains without crystal faces.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
California Division of Mines and Geology, San Francisco, California, USA.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Krauskopfite
Other Language Names for Krauskopfite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Krauskopfite associated with Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 4 photos of Krauskopfite associated with Rosasite | (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 2 photos of Krauskopfite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 2 photos of Krauskopfite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Krauskopfite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 1 photo of Krauskopfite associated with Titantaramellite | Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DH. | Devilliersite | Ca4Ca2Fe3+10O4[(Fe3+10Si2)O36] |
| 9.DH. | 'Gageite-2M' | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| 9.DH. | Bavsiite | Ba2V2O2[Si4O12] |
| 9.DH. | Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 9.DH. | Louisfuchsite | Ca2(Mg4Ti2)(Al4Si2)O20 |
| 9.DH.05 | Leucophanite | NaCaBeSi2O6F |
| 9.DH.10 | Ohmilite | Sr3(Ti,Fe3+)(Si4O12)(O,OH) · 2-3H2O |
| 9.DH.15 | Haradaite | SrVSi2O7 |
| 9.DH.15 | Suzukiite | BaVSi2O7 |
| 9.DH.20 | Shcherbakovite | (K,Ba)KNa(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.DH.20 | Batisite | BaNaNaTi2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.DH.20 | Noonkanbahite | BaKNaTi2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.DH.25 | Taikanite | Sr3BaMn2+2(Si4O12)O2 |
| 9.DH.35 | Gageite | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| 9.DH.35 | Balangeroite | (Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn2+)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| 9.DH.40 | Kuratite | Ca2(Fe2+5Ti)O2[Si4Al2O18] |
| 9.DH.40 | Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | Dorrite | Ca4(Mg3Fe3+9)O4(Si3Al8Fe3+O36) |
| 9.DH.40 | Serendibite | Ca4[Mg6Al6]O4[Si6B3Al3O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | Rhönite | Ca4[Mg8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | Khesinite | Ca4(Mg3Fe3+9)O4(Fe3+9Si3)O36 |
| 9.DH.40 | 'UM1991-29-SiO:FeMgNa' | Na4(Mg5Fe3+7)O4[Si9Fe3+3O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | Høgtuvaite | Ca4[Fe2+6Fe3+6]O4[Si8Be2Al2O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | 'Leucorhönite' | Ca2(Mg,Fe3+,Al)6(Si,Al)6O20 |
| 9.DH.40 | Welshite | Ca4Mg9Sb3O4[Si6Be3AlFe2O36] |
| 9.DH.40 | Wilkinsonite | Na2Fe2+4Fe3+2(Si6O18)O2 |
| 9.DH.40 | Krinovite | Na2Mg4Cr3+2(Si6O18)O2 |
| 9.DH.40 | Makarochkinite | (Ca,Na)4[Fe2+8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si8Be2Al2O36] |
| 9.DH.45 | Sapphirine | Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si3Al9O36] |
| 9.DH.50 | Khmaralite | (Mg,Al,Fe)16[(Al,Si,Be)12O36]O4 |
| 9.DH.55 | 'UM1988-26-SiO:AlMg' | Mg4Al2O[Si3Al2O15] |
| 9.DH.55 | Surinamite | (Mg,Fe)3Al4BeSi3O16 |
| 9.DH.60 | Deerite | Fe2+6Fe3+3(Si6O17)O3(OH)5 |
| 9.DH.65 | Taneyamalite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+12(Si,Al)12(O,OH)44 |
| 9.DH.65 | Howieite | Na(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al,Mg)12(Si6O17)2(O,OH)10 |
| 9.DH.70 | Johninnesite | Na2Mn2+9Mg7(OH)8[AsO4]2[Si6O17]2 |
| 9.DH.75 | Agrellite | NaCa2Si4O10F |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Gives off water in a closed tube test and fuses at about 5 to a colorless bead.
Heated in an electric furnace, the mineral is stable at 100 °C, but at 300 °C it decrepitates and turns opaque white. At 450 °C it has a total weight loss of 16.7 per cent. There is no further change up to 1200 °C. At 1300 °C., it partially melts to a colorless glass.
Heated in an electric furnace, the mineral is stable at 100 °C, but at 300 °C it decrepitates and turns opaque white. At 450 °C it has a total weight loss of 16.7 per cent. There is no further change up to 1200 °C. At 1300 °C., it partially melts to a colorless glass.
Notes:
Readily decomposed by cold dilute acids leaving a white to transparent silica residue. Not affected by weak bases.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Krauskopfite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2271.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Krauskopfite
Reference List:
Alfors, John T., Stinson, Melvin C., Matthews, Robert A., Pabst, Adolf (1965) Seven new barium minerals from eastern Fresno County, California. American Mineralogist, 50 (3-4) 314-340
Localities for Krauskopfite
Showing 10 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Czech Republic | |
| Fojt B. (2013) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Dr. H. J. Wilke and Sohne (Eppertshausen) |
Japan | |
| Hirowatari & Fukuoka (1981) |
USA | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Alfors et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Nickel & Nichols +4 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
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Esquire No. 1 claim, Rush Creek, Big Creek-Rush Creek Mining District, Fresno County, California, USA