Alunogen
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Alunogen
Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.732 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
From the Latin "alum" and the Greek γεννώ ("genno"), "to create". No type locality known.
A hydrated aluminium sulfate. The highest hydrate of natural Al sulphate, when compared to 'meta-alunogen', mangazeite, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate) and UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH. Also the hydrated counterpart of millosevichite.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
162
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:162:5
IMA Classification of Alunogen
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2(S6+O4)3(H2O)12·5H2O
Classification of Alunogen
7.CB.45
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.8.6.1
29.8.6.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
25.6.7
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Alg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Alu | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Alunogen
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Comment:
colorless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Density:
1.732 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Alunogen
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.473 nβ = 1.474 nγ = 1.48
2V:
Measured: 31° to 69°, Calculated: 46°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.007
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Alunogen
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Alunogen
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.420(60) Å, b = 26.97(2) Å, c = 6.062(5) Å
α = 89.67(1)°, β = 97.34(1)°, γ = 91.53(1)°
α = 89.67(1)°, β = 97.34(1)°, γ = 91.53(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.275 : 1 : 0.225
Unit Cell V:
1,202.74 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals rare, small; prismatic [001] or {010} with a hexagonal outline about [010]; very complex, with about 60 forms noted. Commonly as delicate fibrous masses or crusts; effloresences; massive, fibrous to 5 mm.
Twinning:
On {010}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015647 | Alunogen | Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 164-178 | 1974 | grotta dell'allume, Vulcano Island, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000518 | Alunogen | Fang J H, Robinson P D (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3.5H2O: Its atomic arrangement and water content American Mineralogist 61 311-317 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.489 Å | (100) |
| 4.390 Å | (81) |
| 3.969 Å | (81) |
| 4.329 Å | (76) |
| 13.46 Å | (54) |
| 3.897 Å | (52) |
| 3.675 Å | (45) |
Comments:
Nová Baňa deposit, Slovakia. Data from Cesbron and Sadrzadeh (1972), using the old locality name of Königsberg.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Forms by reaction of sulfates from decomposing sulfides with aluminous minerals in shales and slates; in gossan or altered wall rock of pyritic deposits in arid regions; in coal seams; in relatively low-temperature fumaroles.
Synonyms of Alunogen
Other Language Names for Alunogen
German:Alunogen
Alunogenit
Davit
Katharit
Katherit
Keramostypterit
Schwefelsaure Thonerde
Stipterit
Stypterit
Alunogenit
Davit
Katharit
Katherit
Keramostypterit
Schwefelsaure Thonerde
Stipterit
Stypterit
Italian:Alunogeno
Norwegian:Alunogen
Russian:Алуноген
Simplified Chinese:毛矾石
Varieties of Alunogen
| Phosphoralunogen | A variety of Alunogen containing some P2O5 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 47 photos of Alunogen associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 32 photos of Alunogen associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 21 photos of Alunogen associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 20 photos of Alunogen associated with Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 19 photos of Alunogen associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 11 photos of Alunogen associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 6 photos of Alunogen associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 6 photos of Alunogen associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 5 photos of Alunogen associated with Ilsemannite | Mo3O8 · nH2O |
| 5 photos of Alunogen associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | Cu2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | Cd3(SO4)3 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | 'Caichengyunite' | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | Co2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it gives water and at higher temperature, sulphuric acid.
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Taste alum-like, acid and sharp. When in solution, adding ammonia produces a gelatinous precipitate of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Alunogen
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-162.html
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References for Alunogen
Reference List:
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1824) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. (Première Edition)) [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. (First Edition)]. Chez Verdière.p.449 - as Hydrotrisulfate d'alumine
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. pp.488-492 - as Alunogène
Glocker, Ernst Friedrich (1847) Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens [A synopsis of the genera and species of minerals, according to their natural orders, including the names of all the minerals that have yet been discovered.]. Eduardus Anton. 348 pp. p.297
Rammelsberg, Carl Friedrich (1875) Handbuch der Mineralchemie (2nd ed.) Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. p.269 - Haarsalz
Cesbron, Fabien, Sadrzadeh, Manoucher (1973) Nouvelles données sur l'alunogène Al2 (SO4)3 • 18H2O. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 96 (6) 385-387 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1973.6855
Fang, Jen Ho, Robinson, Paul D. (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3·5H2O: its atomic arrangement and water content. American Mineralogist, 61 (3-4) 311-317
Localities for Alunogen
Showing 370 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Kammerer (2011) |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Red River Resources |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Rob Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) |
| Raven et al. (2010, August) |
| Segnit (1976) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Analysis Guenter Blass by XRD and EDS (Samples Günter Indra, GI9905-6, GI9905-7, GI9905-8) |
| Taucher (1993) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
| Niedermayr (1987) +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1968) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Taucher et al. (2000) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Walter et al. (1983) |
Belgium | |
| www.strahlen.org/vp/be/eisden/eisden.htm |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (1994) |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
| Hoffmann (1880) +1 other reference |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
Cape Verde | |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| S. G. Gordon (1942) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Teck Resources Limited |
China | |
| Stracher et al. (2005) |
| Am Min 90:1729-1739 | |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Luo et al. (2019) |
Colombia | |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr et al. (1999) |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1995) |
| Hyrsl J. +3 other references |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Harapát |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš (1992) | |
| Košek (2018) +1 other reference |
| Matýsek D. (1999) |
| Vinš V. (1957) |
| Matýsek et al. (2024) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Kruťa T. (1944) |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection | |
| Jiří Sejkora (2025) |
France | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Audra et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| www.pangeaminerals.com (2005) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Ref: Inventoire mineralogique de la ... |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Baret (1905) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Košek (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.wagnerul.de (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection / Analyses by ... |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Hanke et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| Hall et al. (2003) |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) | |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
Guatemala | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) |
| Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Farkas et al. (2009) |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) | |
| XRD: Ferenc Kristály |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ... |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
Iceland | |
| Carson III (2015) |
Indonesia | |
| Inguaggiato et al. (2020) |
| Imants Kavalieros (1994) |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
| Bariand et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Scacchi A. (1849) +3 other references |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| Pelloux (1927) +3 other references | |
| Barrese et al. (1994) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Michele Verdi et al. (2025) +2 other references |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16 |
| Cossa (1881) +3 other references |
| Spallanzani (1792) +3 other references |
| Garavelli et al. (1996) | |
| Panichi (1914) +1 other reference | |
| Garavelli et al. (1996) | |
| Rögner et al. (2000) |
| E. Manasse |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) | |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| King (n.d.) |
| SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2011) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (1999) |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Johnstone (1979) |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
| Johnstone (1979) | |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +2 other references |
| Brotheridge et al. (1995) | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Rekstad (1912) |
| Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference |
| Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
Peru | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) | |
| Hyršl (2010) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) +5 other references |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual inspection & ... |
| Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (Upper Silesia, Poland) |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Kruszewski (2013) | |
| Kruszewski (2012) |
Portugal | |
| Flahaut et al. (2018, September) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Januszewska et al. (2023) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) | |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Zhitova et al. (2018) |
| Zhitova et al. (2023) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| Okrugin (2004) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) | |
| Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra (1990) | |
| Duda et al. (1992) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| David Parfitt collection | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Frost et al. (2007) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... | |
| Sintes et al. (2025) |
| Sintes et al. (2025) | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda Graf Collection | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Calvo (1999) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Tomas (1919-20) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| D.I.Belakovskiy data |
| Belakovski (1990) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| [British Museum (NH) +1 other reference |
| Sir Arthur Russell (1949) +1 other reference |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
Ukraine | |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Hanson et al. (2008) |
| rruff.info (n.d.) |
| Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17) +5 other references |
| Schaller (1903) +3 other references |
| Committee et al. (1989) | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bradley (1939) +3 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Lindgren (1896a) +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1940) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Hewett et al. (1936) +3 other references |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2024) |
| Day (1925) +2 other references |
| Allen (1927) +6 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Cerato |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Chemical Geology Volume 215 |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Peterson et al. (2006) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| MinRec 16 (1) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| USGS Bull 1451 | |
| USGS Bull 1451 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Jensen (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:1075. |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... +1 other reference |
| STRACHER et al. (2007) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| |
| Paris (2011) |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rosenzweig et al. (1955) | |
| Young et al. (1960) | |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Gu et al. (2025) |
| Finnell et al. (1963) |
| USGS Bull 1132 | |
| Hammarstrom et al. (1999) |
| Piatak et al. (2004) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| Rye et al. (2003) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
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Dubník, Červenica, Prešov District, Prešov Region, Slovakia