Szomolnokite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Szomolnokite
View of the Smolník polymetallic mining area, in 1905.
Smolník Cu-Fe-S deposit, Smolník, Gelnica District, Košice Region, Slovakia
Smolník Cu-Fe-S deposit, Smolník, Gelnica District, Košice Region, Slovakia
Formula:
FeSO4 · H2O
Colour:
Pale yellow or reddish-brown, may also be light blue, very pale greenish white to white, rarely pink due to cobalt
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy, Dull
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.03 - 3.07
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Joseph Krenner in 1877 for the type locality, at Szomolnok, Slovakia (formerly Hungary).
Type Locality:
A common alteration product of iron sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite).
Forms a complete solid solution with kieserite (Talla and Wildner, 2019).
End-member szomolnokite, FeSO4·H2O, is monoclinic, and synthetic CuSO4·H2O is triclinic. The cell-parameter refinements of (Fe,Cu)SO4·H2O compounds show a reduction in symmetry from monoclinic to triclinic beyond 20 mol% Cu. By Mössbauer spectroscopy significant ordering involving the cations can be observed only in members of the solid solution with more than 20 mol% Cu. Site ordering is characterized by a preference of ferrous iron for the less distorted site (Giester et al., 1994).
Forms a complete solid solution with kieserite (Talla and Wildner, 2019).
End-member szomolnokite, FeSO4·H2O, is monoclinic, and synthetic CuSO4·H2O is triclinic. The cell-parameter refinements of (Fe,Cu)SO4·H2O compounds show a reduction in symmetry from monoclinic to triclinic beyond 20 mol% Cu. By Mössbauer spectroscopy significant ordering involving the cations can be observed only in members of the solid solution with more than 20 mol% Cu. Site ordering is characterized by a preference of ferrous iron for the less distorted site (Giester et al., 1994).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3859
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3859:7
IMA Classification of Szomolnokite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+S6+O4·H2O
Classification of Szomolnokite
7.CB.05
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.2.2
29.6.2.2
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.10.1
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Szo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Szomolnokite
Resinous, Greasy, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Pale yellow or reddish-brown, may also be light blue, very pale greenish white to white, rarely pink due to cobalt
Streak:
Not reported.
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.03 - 3.07 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.10 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Szomolnokite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.591 nβ = 1.623 nγ = 1.663
2V:
Measured: 80° , Calculated: 86°
Birefringence:
0.072
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.072
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
X ^ c = -26°, Y = b.
Chemistry of Szomolnokite
Mindat Formula:
FeSO4 · H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Co
Crystallography of Szomolnokite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.62 Å, b = 7.47 Å, c = 7.12 Å
β = 115.85°
β = 115.85°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.02 : 1 : 0.953
Unit Cell V:
364.73 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually in fine-grained crusts, may be globular to stalactitic; rarely in bipyramidal tiny crystals, {-111} and {110}, also tabular parallel to {-111}.
Twinning:
Reported as common, but no forms given.
Comment:
ICDD 45-1365
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014852 | Szomolnokite | Wildner M, Giester G (1991) The crystal structures of kieserite-type compounds. I. Crystal structures of Me(II)SO4*H2O (Me = Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1991 296-306 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.86 Å | (20) |
| 3.45 Å | (100) |
| 3.30 Å | (30) |
| 3.11 Å | (50) |
| 2.53 Å | (40) |
| 1.998 Å | (30) |
| 1.622 Å | (30) |
| 1.600 Å | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 45-1365
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral found in the oxidation zones of sulfide mineral deposits, particularly noted as forming from the oxidation of pyrite.
Type Occurrence of Szomolnokite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized iron-bearing ores, sometimes post-mine.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Szomolnokite
Other Language Names for Szomolnokite
Dutch:Szomolnokiet
German:Szomolnokit
Russian:Ссомольнокит
Simplified Chinese:水铁矾
Spanish:Szomolnokita
Traditional Chinese:水鐵礬
Relationship of Szomolnokite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Kieserite Group:
| Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Ermeloite | Al(PO4) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 3 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 1 photo of Szomolnokite associated with Natrozippeite | Na5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 1 photo of Szomolnokite associated with Bobjonesite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 3H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | Cu2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | Cd3(SO4)3 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | 'Caichengyunite' | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | Co2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Fluorescence of Szomolnokite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Szomolnokite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3859.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Szomolnokite
Reference List:
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760
Chouinard, A., Williams-Jones, A. E., Leonardson, R. W., Hodgson, C. J., Silva, P., Tellez, C., Vega, J., Rojas, F. (2005) Geology and Genesis of the Multistage High-Sulfidation Epithermal Pascua Au-Ag-Cu Deposit, Chile and Argentina. Economic Geology, 100 (3) 463-490 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.100.3.463[occurrence as a primary phase]
Talla, Dominik, Wildner, Manfred (2019) Investigation of the kieserite–szomolnokite solid-solution series, (Mg,Fe)SO4·H2O, with relevance to Mars: Crystal chemistry, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy under ambient and martian temperature conditions. American Mineralogist, 104 (12) 1732-1749 doi:10.2138/am-2019-6983
Localities for Szomolnokite
Showing 184 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| Red River Resources |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| R Bottrill (in prep 2018) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Götzinger (2008) |
| Taucher (1993) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
| Taucher et al. (1993) |
| Postl et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dimitrova +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Transactions of the Canadian Institute ... +2 other references |
| Izawa et al. (2011) |
| Grice (1989) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference |
| Jambor et al. (1962) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn |
| M.Dini & A.Molina collection | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn | |
| Kampf +5 other references |
| XRD by Joy Desor | |
| Werthessen (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Deyell et al. (2005) +2 other references |
China | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
| Chunqi Wen et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Macháček V.: Szomolnokit z chebské ... |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek et al. (2014) |
Ecuador | |
| Embley et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| G. Demarcq |
| |
| Bourgoin et al. (2011) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Kaiser (1983) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Giesler et al. (2020) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel (1990) | |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Skarpelis et al. (2004) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Lovász A. (2014) | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| collector: Gábor Koller |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
Iceland | |
| Carson III (2015) |
Iran | |
| Bariand et al. (1977) |
Italy | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Michele Verdi et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (2006) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Norway | |
| Van der Vel (1970) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Marincea et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Zanin et al. (2009) |
| Zanin et al. (2009) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1990) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Graeser S. (2005) |
| Andermatt (2010) |
Tunisia | |
| Smykatz-Kloss et al. (2010) |
UK | |
| - (BM 1985 MI.33592 & 33593) |
Ukraine | |
| Zanin et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| Majzlan et al. (2011) |
| Jamieson et al. (2005) | |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| collected by Eckhard D. Stuart |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Domonell (1997) |
| Milton (1977) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Januzzi +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Min News 6:8 p3 |
| Schindler et al. (2003) | |
| Patrick Haynes. ID via the late Howard ... |
| Patrick Haynes. IDs by the late Howard ... |
| Min News 5:10 p1-5 | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dana 7:II: 480 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Mars | |
| Bishop et al. (2009) |
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Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile