Epsomite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Epsomite
Formula:
MgSO4 · 7H2O
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, or pink, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
1.675 - 1.679
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1806 by Jean-Claude Delamétherie for the type locality at Epsom, Surrey, England.
Type Locality:
Epsomite Group; Epsomite-Morenosite Series; Epsomite-Goslarite Series.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1393
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1393:8
Similar Names
| Epsomite (of Hobbs) | A synonym of Pentahydrite |
IMA Classification of Epsomite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
MgS6+O4·7H2O
Classification of Epsomite
7.CB.40
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.11.1
29.6.11.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.3.6
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Esm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Epsomite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Epsomite
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, or pink, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Pink = cobaltoan; greenish = nickelian.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Translation gliding:
T{110}, t[1_10] ?; T{100}, t[0_10] ?; T{011}, t[011] ?; T{101}, t[_101] ?.
Density:
1.675 - 1.679 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.678 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Measured on artificial material.
Optical Data of Epsomite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.433 nβ = 1.455 nγ = 1.461
2V:
Measured: 52° , Calculated: 54°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Chemistry of Epsomite
Mindat Formula:
MgSO4 · 7H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni,Fe,Co,Mn,Zn
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SO3 | 32.35 % |
| MgO | 16.20 % |
| FeO | 0.47 % |
| Fe2O3 | 0.78 % |
| H2O | 49.66 % |
| Total: | 99.46 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Epsomite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
222 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P212121
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.86 Å, b = 11.99 Å, c = 6.858 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.989 : 1 : 0.572
Unit Cell V:
975.22 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, usually as fibrous to acicular crusts, fibers elongated [001]; may be in botryoidal masses or stalactic; wooly efflorescences. Artificial crystals short prismatic [001] to equant.
Twinning:
On {110}, rare.
Crystallographic forms of Epsomite
Crystal Atlas:
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Epsomite no.23 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epsomite no.28 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007157 | Epsomite | Fortes A D, Wood I G, Alfredsson M, Vocadlo L, Knight K S (2006) The thermoelastic properties of MgSO4*7D2O (epsomite) from powder neutron diffraction and ab initio calculation European Journal of Mineralogy 18 449-462 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009290 | Epsomite | Baur W H (1964) On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates. IV. The refinement of the crystal structure of MgSO4*7H2O (epsomite) Acta Crystallographica 17 1361-1369 |  | 1964 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Epsomite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Goslarite' | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 'Morenosite' | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 'Muscovite' | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented overgrowths with zinc (Goslarite) and nickel (Morenosite) analogues. Also on Muscovite with Epsomite {100} or {110} parallel Muscovite {001} and Epsomite [001] parallel to Muscovite [120], [310], [150], [1_20], [3_10], [1_50].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.98 Å | (30) |
| 5.34 Å | (30) |
| 5.31 Å | (20) |
| 4.22 Å | (100) |
| 4.20 Å | (80) |
| 2.88 Å | (20) |
| 2.67 Å | (20) |
| 2.66 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Typically found growing as efflorescences in sheltered spots on outcrops of dolomitic or calcareous rocks; often found growing on the walls of caves and in salt lake deposits; also often found growing on the walls of coal and metal mines, including on wooden supports and abandoned equipment.
Type Occurrence of Epsomite
Synonyms of Epsomite
Other Language Names for Epsomite
Catalan:Epsomita
Dutch:Epsomiet
French:Sel d'Epsom
Hebrew:אפסומיט
Italian:Epsomite
Japanese:エプソマイト
Latin:Epsomensis
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Polish:Epsomit
Portuguese:Epsomite
Russian:Эпсомит
Spanish:Epsomita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Ukrainian:Епсоміт
Varieties of Epsomite
| Aromite (of Darapsky) | Considered a variety of epsomite, but may be a mixture of epsomite and pickeringite. Originally described from Pampa de Aroma, Negreiros, Iquique Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile. |
| Cobalt-bearing Epsomite | A variety of Epsomite containing up to 2.5 wt.% CoO. |
| Copper and Zinc-bearing Epsomite | A variety of Epsomite containing copper and Zinc |
| Iron-bearing Epsomite | An iron-bearing variety of epsomite |
| Manganese-bearing Epsomite | A manganoan epsomite. Originally described from Špania Dolina (Urvölgy; Herrengrund), Špania Dolina ore belt, Starohorské Mts, Banská Bystrica Region, Slovak Republic. See also Fauserite (of Strunz). |
| Zinc-bearing and Manganese-bearing Epsomite |
Relationship of Epsomite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Epsomite Group:
| Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Epsomite associated with Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7 photos of Epsomite associated with Botryogen | MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 7 photos of Epsomite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7 photos of Epsomite associated with Metahohmannite | Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 4H2O |
| 7 photos of Epsomite associated with Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 4 photos of Epsomite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 3 photos of Epsomite associated with Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 3 photos of Epsomite associated with Sideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with 'Tasmanite' |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | Cu2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | Cd3(SO4)3 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | 'Caichengyunite' | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | Co2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Epsomite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1393.html
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References for Epsomite
Reference List:
Krause, G. (1875) Reichardtit neues Mineral von Stassfurt. Archiv Pharm.: 6: 41-45. (as Reichardtit)
Milch, L. (1892) Ueber Epsomitkrystalle von Stassfurt-Leopoldshall. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 20 (1-6). 221-224 doi:10.1524/zkri.1892.20.1.221
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.212
Blasdale, Walter C., Robson, Homer L. (1928) The system water and the sulfates of sodium and magnesium. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 50 (1). 35-46 doi:10.1021/ja01388a006
BARNES, WILLIAM H., HUNTER, R. G. (1932) Confirmation of the Space-Group of Epsomite. Nature, 130 (3272). 96 doi:10.1038/130096a0
Milton, Charles, Johnston, William Drum (1938) Sulphate minerals of the Comstock Lode, Nevada. Economic Geology, 33 (7) 749-771 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.33.7.749
Hutton, C. Osborne (1947) Nickelian epsomite from north Auckland, New Zealand. American Mineralogist, 32 (9-10) 553-560
Zirkl, E. J. (1948) Epsomitkristalle aus dem Hallstätter Salzlager. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 1 (2) 185-187 doi:10.1007/bf01120834
Meixner, H. (1950): Der Karinthin 11: 242-252.(as Seelandite)
Baur, W. H. (1964) On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates. IV. The refinement of the crystal structure of MgSO4.7H2O (epsomite). Acta Crystallographica, 17 (11). 1361-1369 doi:10.1107/s0365110x64003449
Kohler, K.; Zäske, P. (1964) Beiträge zur Thermochemie der Hydrate. II. Der thermische Abbau von MgSO4·7 H2O, NiSO4·7 H2O, ZnSO4·7 H2O. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 331 (1-2). p.1-6. doi:10.1002/zaac.19643310102
Phadnis, A.B., Deshpande, V.V. (1981) On the dehydration of MgSO4 · 7 H2O. Thermochimica Acta, 43. 249-250 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(81)80016-0
Kumar, C., Erstrin, J., Youngquist, G.R. (1981) Crystal growth under nonuniform conditions; Experimental observations in MgSO4·7 H2O-water system. Journal of Crystal Growth, 54 (2). 176-184 doi:10.1016/0022-0248(81)90458-9
Localities for Epsomite
Showing 625 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Vogt (1977) |
Antarctica | |
| Gore et al. (2000) |
| Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa |
Argentina | |
| American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13 +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Asia | |
| Crétaux et al. (2009) | |
Australia | |
| L. McClatchie |
| Leverett et al. (2005) |
| Geosciences |
| Red River Resources |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| |
| |
| Pring (1988) |
| Rob Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Pers. comm. M. Willoughby. +1 other reference |
| Bottrill & Baker Catalogue of Minerals ... |
| R Bottrill (in prep 2018) |
| Mark Raven |
| Henry (1988) |
| |
| |
| De Waele et al. (2026) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Bridge et al. (1979) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Wilson et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (2002) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Tufar (1982) |
| Exel (1993) |
| [var: Iron-bearing Epsomite] Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Hackenberg (2003) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +1 other reference |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Sigmund 1912 | |
| Meixner (1977) |
| Pribitzer (1956) |
| Spötl (1989) |
| Meixner (1975) |
| [var: Iron-bearing Epsomite] Exel (1993) |
| [var: Iron-bearing Epsomite] Zirkl (1948) +2 other references |
| |
| Reiter (2010) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1973) +4 other references |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
| de Limbourg-Stirum (1923) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Mélon (1943) +3 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) +1 other reference |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
Brazil | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:43. |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
Bulgaria | |
| Lips (2006) |
| Младенова et al. (2007) |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Kohut et al. (1993) | |
| Renaut et al. (1994) |
| Walker (1921) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| JOHNSTON (1911) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Woodside collection |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
| How (1861) |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference |
| Knight (1922) | |
| Last (1990) |
| Shang (2000) | |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) | |
| 150-152. +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Ericksen et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Pueyo et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
| [var: Aromite (of Darapsky)] Clark (1993) |
China | |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) | |
| Sun Da-peng et al. (2002) |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference |
| Dongsheng Hu (1990) +1 other reference |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +2 other references |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Xiying Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Shaoxiu (1991) | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) |
| Mianping Zheng and Xifang Liu (2010) |
| Tang (2005) +1 other reference |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
| Bingxiao (1992) +1 other reference |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Velebil (2000) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Matýsek et al. (2014) |
| Matýsek et al. (2014) |
| Matýsek et al. (2026) | |
| Kruťa T. (1951) |
| Jirásek et al. (2019) |
| Kruťa T. (1951) |
| Kopečný |
| Matýsek et al. (2024) |
| |
| Hofmanovi P. a R.: Příspěvek k ... |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Hršelová et al. (2013) |
| Kruťa |
| Kruťa T. (1944) |
| Bouška |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
| Petr Pauliš |
Egypt | |
| |
| BORCHERT et al. (801-864) +2 other references |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| John A. Wood (1977) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Habel (2011) |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2006) |
| XRD and Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| XRD analysis |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2011) |
| Brockt et al. (2001) |
| Naumann +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| ... +1 other reference | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Die Teufelslöcher bei Jena |
| Siemroth (2008) |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
| Rüger (1995) |
Greece | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Stamatakis (1989) |
Hungary | |
| Lovász A. (2014) |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Farkas et al. (2009) |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) | |
| Mecsek-Oko |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Csanad Loranth |
Iceland | |
| Carson III (2015) |
India | |
| Equeenuddin (2015) |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| American Mineralogist (1927) +1 other reference |
| Pichler et al. (1970) |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Gramaccioli (1962) |
| Pipino G. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Girolami (2006) +2 other references |
| Barresi (2006) |
| Bassani U. et al. (Ossola, Novara) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| |
| Corrado Ferrito find and collection |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Conticini F. et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| C.L. Garavelli (1957) |
| Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
| Bottachiari et al. (2014) |
| F. Millosevich (1914) |
| parcoculturaledicamaiano.toscana.it (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Mauro (2020) |
| |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Orlandi (2005) | |
| Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Jersey | |
| Mourant (1978) |
Jordan | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kosovo | |
| Hyseni et al. (2010) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Yta et al. (2005) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
| Maya Gold and Silver |
| Ferraq et al. (2024) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Auton (1997) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Hauraki goldfield |
North Macedonia | |
| Boevl et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Gunnar Raade (1990) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Larsen (1974) |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Poland | |
| Jirásek +6 other references |
| Wachowiak et al. (2012) |
| Puławska et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
| Siuda (2004) +2 other references |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) | |
| Damrat (2011) |
| Ł. Kruszewski field observations |
| Stepisiewicz (1983) |
| Nowak +1 other reference |
| Bril et al. (2008) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) |
Portugal | |
| Joana Ribeiro et al. (2013) |
| Álvarez-Valero et al. (2008) |
| Silva et al. (2026) |
Romania | |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits +1 other reference |
| Onac (2009) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) +1 other reference |
| A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) |
Russia | |
| Bokova et al. (2016) | |
| Bokova et al. (2016) |
| Blinov et al. (2011) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Bokova et al. (2016) |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] | |
| webmineral.ru (2018) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) | |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| [var: Manganese-bearing Epsomite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda |
| Russ (2017) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Russ (2017) | |
| Števko M. et al. (2011) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra (1990) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Martin Števko |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Martin Števko |
| Števko M. et al. (2017) |
| Sottnik et al. (1998) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
Slovenia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data |
Spain | |
| Dr. César Salván analysis |
| Rewitzer et al. (2023) |
| ... |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Garcia (1996) |
| Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Fernando Gascón collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Onac et al. (2014) |
| Campeny et al. (2023) |
| Castro et al. (2001) |
| Dammer |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2018) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Joan Rosell |
| |
| Sanabria (2004) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2002) |
| Crespo López et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Benavente et al. (2018, September) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
Sweden | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Philipp R. (1983) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Wood (1977) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
| Karakaya et al. (1984) |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Warren (2010) |
| World of Stones no.2 +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ian Jones or national Museum of Wales ... |
Ukraine | |
| Nesterovskiy et al. (2015) | |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Vdovykin (1973) |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Lindgren (1905) +3 other references |
| Gilluly (1937) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048353 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Schaller (1903) +3 other references |
| Schaller (1903) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Ross (1940a) +4 other references |
| Murata (1977) +2 other references |
| Emory (1848) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Morton (1977) +2 other references |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) | |
| Greene (1981) |
| U.S. Borax |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Rytuba et al. (2008) |
| Everhart (1946) +5 other references |
| Johnson et al. (1962) +2 other references |
| B.A. Collection |
| B.A. Collection | |
| Sharp (1959) +4 other references |
| Sharp (1959) +2 other references | |
| Brighton Alfred | |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Sharp (1959) +4 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Pelletier | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 111 (map 3-7) +3 other references |
| Dana 6: 1096 +6 other references |
| Specimens found in sandstone cliffs ... |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. | |
| Ingalls et al. (1908) |
| Becker (1888) +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Wise (1993) |
| Engineering & Science Monthly +2 other references |
| Engr. & Sci. Monthly +6 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Schlocker (1974) +2 other references |
| Woodhouse et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Ford (1890) +2 other references |
| Murata (1977) +2 other references |
| Bailey (1964) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1986) | |
| Gross et al. (1967) +3 other references |
| Livingston et al. (2005, December) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Goldsmith (1877) +5 other references |
| Goldsmith (1877) +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Moench et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Loughlin (1918) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Zielinski et al. (2001) | |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references |
| Rocks & min.: 64:197. |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Goldstein (1997) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| |
| |
| Cerato |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| A Field Trip to the Alabastine Gypsum Mine by Kreigh Tomaszewski (Newsletter of the Worcester Mineral Club) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 58: 108. |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Rocks and Minerals V.74 No.3 p.190 | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS PP 162] +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mineral News (1990) |
| McCollam (2002) |
| Whitman (2023) |
| Jensen et al. (2010) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Gibbs (1985) |
| Jensen (1985) |
| Peterson et al. (2006) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Milton et al. (1938) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1991, August) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| McCollam (2002) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference |
| Patrick Haynes collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 748.2 |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Jensen (1978) +1 other reference |
| Environmental Geology: 47. +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| - (2005) |
| Gold (2006, October) |
| Dana 6: 1069. |
| Lapham et al. (1980) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| Flohr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Origlieri (1990) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| North (2010) |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1985) |
| Gabe Cangelosi Collection |
| www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| USGS Bull 717 +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| Osterwald (1952) |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Farrington (1900) +1 other reference | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +2 other references |
| Slyusareva (1964) |
Venezuela | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Franco Urbani (2009) | |
Europa | |
Mars | |
| Farrand et al. (2016) |
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Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece