ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ (1921โ€“1995)

Binyamin Gallai


ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืง, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื‘ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืคืดื, 10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1921 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ื•ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘-1950 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื“ 1988. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1955โ€“1976 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื“ืื–, ืื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉื™. ื‘-1976 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
    ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืดืขื ื”ืจื•ื—ืด ื•ืดืกื”ืจืด, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ (9.4.1941), ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื” ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืจืขื™ื (1943โ€“1946) ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืื•ืจืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ (1958).
    ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืจื•ื— (ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, 1946), ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘, ืืœื ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื•ืคื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื ืฆืžื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื (ืดืขึดื ื˜ื•ึผืจ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื—ึธืคึดื™ื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ื•ึนื“ึตื“./ ืขึดื ืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื. ืขึดื ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึทืด) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื ืงืœืข ืืœื™ื” (ืด[โ€ฆ] ืึตืœ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื,/ ืึธืŸ ืฉืึฐืœึทื—ึฐืชึผึทื ึดื™ โ€“ ืึธืŸ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืึธืœื•ึผื—ึท?ืด (ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืดืขื ื”ืจื•ื—ืด). ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืจื•ืขื” ืžื›ืืŸ, ื•ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื˜ืขื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืชื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช, ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื” ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจ ื”ืžืจื“ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืข ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ื”ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช.
    ื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (1953) ื”ืžืชืืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื™ืช (ืดืขึธื™ึทืคึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึทืกึผึฐืžึธืœึดื™ื. ืœึฐืฆึทื•-ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื./ ืœึฐืฆึทื•-ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™. ืœึฐืฆึทื• ืžื•ึนืจึตื™ ื“ื•ึนืจึดื™./ [โ€ฆ] ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื• ืึตื™ื ึดื™ ืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืœึดืฉืึฐืžื•ึนืขึท/ ืžึดืœึผึดื™ื ืจึธืžื•ึนืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดืคึผึทืช ืขึทืจึฐื‘ึดึผื™ืชืด. ืžืชื•ืš ืดืฉื™ืจ ืืจืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื™ืด), ืืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (1976), ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ (1987) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ ื‘ืฆืžื“ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช: ืดื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืก, ื”ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืขืฆืข ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืงื• ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ืช, ื”ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ืืœ ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืชืด. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ืœื™ื (1958) ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ ืดืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืจืžื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืœืš ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ืด. ืกืคืจื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื 1990-1995 (1996), ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืงืฆื• ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘.
    ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืดืคื™ื™ื˜ื”ืด (ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1948), ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžื—ื–ื” ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ (1969) ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื•ืžื. ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืกื“ื•ื ืกื™ื˜ื™ (1951) ืžืžื–ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื“ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืกืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื–ืณืื ืจื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื˜ื ื– ืงื•ืžื™ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘-1968). ื’ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืžืฉืชื” ื”ืžืœืš (1955) ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืจื™ื” (ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, 1968) ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืืฆื˜ืงื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื‘-ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ื ืกื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (1959), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื (1971) ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉื ื™ ืชืกื›ื™ืชื™ื.
    ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืณืžื™ื ื™ (1968), ื•ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ (1978), ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ืกืคืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื— ื”ื ื™ื“ื— ืื• ื•ื™ืื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” (1983) ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื•ืš ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”.
    ื’ืœืื™ ืชื™ืจื’ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืŸ ืžืืช ื’ืณื™ื™ืžืก ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ (1963). ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™. ืกืคืจื• ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืขื›ื• ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ืœืžื“ืŸ (1975). ืกืคืจื• ืžืกืข ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื (1963) ืžืชืืจ, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื›ืจืžื™, ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืขืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžืืœืคื•ืช ืขื ื’ืžืœื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (1975) ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ื›ืฅ.
    ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ืดืขืœ ืงืคื” ื”ืคื•ืšืด ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื’. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืดื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืด ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืณืื ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื: ืฉืคืข ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”; ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืื•ื‘ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื; ื ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื; ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื”ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื”ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจืกื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื: ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื ืจ (1961) ื•ืคืจืก ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ (1967). ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื ืดื”, 24 ื‘ืžืื™ 1995.



ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”		  

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืœ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ,ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืขื ื”ืจื•ื— : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื•)
  • ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1949)
  • ืคื™ื˜ื” : ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘)
  • ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช : ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ืขืœื” ื™ืคื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื’) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1958)
  • ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959) <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ืกื“ื•ื-ืกื™ื˜ื™ - ืคื™ื™ื˜ื” - ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ืช - ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื - ืžืฉืชื” ื”ืžืœืš>
  • ืขืœ ืงืคื” ื”ืคื•ืš : ืžืกื•ืช (ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ : ื™ืจื’ื–ื™, ืชืฉืดืš) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืžืจืกืœ ื™ื ืงื•>
  • ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืขื›ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉืฅ><ื ื“ืคืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœืดื‘ ื•ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื—>
  • ืžืกืขื™ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1963) <ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื›ืจืžื™>
  • ืžื™ื ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื : ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื“) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื ื‘ื•ืŸ>
  • ืžืกืข ืฆืคื•ื ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1968) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื“ื ื™ ืงืจื•ื•ืŸ>
  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ื ื™ : ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1968)
  • ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืจืžื™ืœื•ืก : ื”โ€“XVII, ืžืœืš ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1969) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœื’ืณื™ื - ืืžืฆื™ื” ื›ืดืฅ> <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื : ืืจื‘ืข ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ; ื—ื™ืคื” : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื‘ 1971)
  • ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื“ 1974) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื›ืจืžื™>
  • ืžืกืขื™ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1975) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ื™ ื›ืฅ>
  • ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976)
  • ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ื ื™ : ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื—ืžื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœื™>
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื— ื”ื ื“ื—, ืื•, ื•ื™ืื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ; ื›ืจื˜ื, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983)
  • ืžื™ื ืœื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• : ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988)
  • ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ืžื™ื : ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื ืดื 1991)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื : 1990โ€“1995 (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1996)
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืŸ / ื’ืณื™ืžืก ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื’) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืจื” ืกืณ ืื ื•ื™ืŸ> <ื ื“ืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœืดื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ>
  • ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ื™ืดืค ืกื˜ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 1947)
  • ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš / ืืœืžืจ ืจื™ื™ืก ; ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืดืœืืฉื”ืด, 1961)
  • ื”ื•ืจื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช / ื•ืดืž ืชืงืจื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืืœื‘ื•ื / ืžื‘ื•ื - ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ (ื—ื™ืคื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•: ืขืœ ืดืขื ื”ืจื•ื—ืด
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™. ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื™ืดื“, 11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1954, ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืชืด
ืขืœ ืดืžื—ื–ื•ืชืด ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืดืกื“ื•ื ืกื™ื˜ื™ืด ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืš ืดืžื—ื–ื•ืชืด ืขืœ ืดืขืœ ืงืคื” ื”ืคื•ืšืด ืขืœ ืดืžืกืขื™ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ืืด
  • ืืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืจื”.  ืžืกืข ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ืฉื ื” 12, ื’ืœืณ 36 (ื™ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1963), ืขืžืณ ื‘.
  • ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1963, ืขืžืณ 15.
ืขืœ ืดืžืกืข ืฆืคื•ื ื”ืด
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื.  ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™.  ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื“-ื˜ืดื• (ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ 475โ€“477.
  • ืงืœื“ืจื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ื. ื”ื‘ืœื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืื™ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 21-24 (ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1968), ืขืžืณ 276-278.
ืขืœ ืดื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ื ื™ืด
ืขืœ ืดืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืจืžื™ืœื•ืก ื”-xvii ืžืœืš ืคื™ืœื™ืคืด
  • ื™.ืค. ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ.  ืงืฉืช, ืฉื ื” 13, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื (ืžืดื˜) (ืกืชื• ืชืฉืœืดื 1970), ืขืžืณ 182โ€“183.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ืืด
  • ื–ืžื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™. ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื–-ื™ืดื— (ืชืฉืœืดื’-ืชืฉืœืดื“), ืขืžืณ 288โ€“290<ืขืœ ืดืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ืืด, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื>
ืขืœ ืดื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ื ื™ืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:
  • ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™: ืขืจื‘ 1944 : ืฉื™ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืกืดื”, 6 ื‘ืžืื™ 2005, ืขืžืณ ื” 1 <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืืช ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื’ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื’ื™ืช ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ>

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ