ื’ื“ ืงื™ื ืจ (1947)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Gad Kaynar

    ื’ื“ ืงื™ื ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’ืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืืœื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ืึพื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคืช ืืžื•, ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข, ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืื–, ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืดื”ืžืจื›ื–ืด (ืชืœ-ื—ื™) ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืืณ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืดืฉื—ืจื™ืชืด ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ ืœื ื•ืขืจ (ื’ืณื•ืจื’ืณ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉืื•, ืงื•ืžื“ื™ืช ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื”ืงืช ื’ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื” (1965โ€“1968) ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืžืื™ืช ืขื“ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉืฉื›ื ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ ืดืืช ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”ืด ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืชืจื ื™, ืฉื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื—ื ื•ืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืงื™ื ืจ, ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืืกืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
    ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืงื™ื ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช (ื—ื•ื’, ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืณ ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™) ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืžึพ1973 ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ืชืœืžื” ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช, ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ื™, ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืื•ืจื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืจื›ื– ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืดืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”ืด. ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™, ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื‘ืณ, ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘: 50 ืฉื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ (1997). ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงืืžืจื™: ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื (1999), ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื’ื: ื’ืณื•ืจื’ืณ ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (2004, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™), ื•ืžื™ืฉืœ ื“ื” ื’ืœื“ืจื•ื“ื”: ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (2006, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉ. ืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื“ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜). ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืช Bertolt Brecht: Performance and Philosophy. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืื•ืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ Theatre Research International ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื”. ืกืคืจื• ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดืกืคืจืืด.
    ืงื™ื ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืดื”ื‘ื™ืžื”ืด (1993โ€“2005), ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ (1984โ€“1993) ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (1982โ€“1984). ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืดื“ื• ืืžืŸืด ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืงืืžืจื™. ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ืžื”, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื”ืจื•ืคื ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉืชื•/ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืชืฃ), ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ื•, ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืžืฉื—ืง (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื), ื”ืžืชืื‘ื“, ืื›ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš (ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื”), ื“ืดืจ ืคืื•ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื™, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”), ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™), ื”ืงื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืกืจืคืŸ (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ), ืคืจื™ื™ืฉื•ืฅ (ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื“ื™, ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”), ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ (ื”ืฆื’ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ), ืงื•ืจื ื˜ (ื”ืฆื’ืช-ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ืœืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืคืงืช ืืช ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืงื™ื ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™.
    ื’ื“ ืงื™ื ืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจืš (ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ืดืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“) ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ: ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1998, ื•ื›ืžื–ื›ืดืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืจื’ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืื‘ ืžืืช ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ (ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™), ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืืช ืื™ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ (ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”) ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืืช ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืกืื‘ืจ ืงืจืฅ (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื˜ื”).
    ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืชืกื›ื™ืชื™ ืจื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืดืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด, ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืดืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืœื ื•ืขืจืด ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื“ืื–, ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืื•ืœ. ืžืื– ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืดืžืื–ื ื™ื™ืืด, ืดืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 77ืด, ืดืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”ืด, ืดืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ืด, ืดื”ืœื™ืงื•ืŸืด, ืดื’ื’ืด, ืžื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. 
[ืžืงื•ืจ ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’. ืงื™ื ืจ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช, 1978) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1989)
  • ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2000) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ืœืื” ืฉื ื™ืจ>
  • ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2010)
  • ื‘ืคื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2015)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื”ืงืืžืจื™: ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ - ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื•ืœื ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฅ, 1999) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืืœื™ ืจื•ื–ื™ืง ื•ืคืจื“ื™ ืจื•ืงื>
  • ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ / ืฉื•ืฉ ืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ - ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฅ, 2005) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™>
  • ืžื™ืฉืœ ื“ื” ื’ืœื“ืจื•ื“ื”, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช / ื ื•ืกื— ืขื‘ืจื™ - ืžืฉื” ืœื–ืจ  (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฅ, ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, 2006) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื“ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜>
  • ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื–ืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ืกืคื™ ื•ื’ื“ ืงื™ื ืจ (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืชืฉืข"ื’ 2013)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืื™ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ / ืžืืช ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืจืžื” ืœื™ื“ "ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ื™", ืชืฉืž"ื‘)
  • ื‘ื™ืช-ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช / ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983)
  • ืจื•ื—ื•ืช / ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983)
  • ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื”ืคืจื / ืžืืช ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืจืžื”, ืชืฉืž"ื” 1985) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987)
  • ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจืงืžืŸ / ืžืืช - ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ืจืžื” ืœื™ื“ "ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ื™", ืชืฉืž"ื— 1987)
  • ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก : ืžื—ื–ื” / ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื ื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 1996)
  • ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื”ืคืจื / ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืชืฉืก"ื’ 2003)
  • ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ - ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ - ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฅ - ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, 2004) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ื"
  • ืฉื™ื ืคืœื“, ืื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื.  ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982, ืขืž' 62ึพ64.
ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื"
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืจืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1989, ืขืž' 21.
  • ื“ื•ืชืŸ, ืื™ื™ืœ. ื”ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืขื. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 118 (1989), ืขืž' 9.
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืœืื”. ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื˜, 4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1989, ืขืž' 6.
  • ืฉืคืจื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืก"ื“, ื’ืœ' 1ึพ2 (1989), ืขืž' 83ึพ84.
ืขืœ "ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”"
  • ื‘ืจ-ื’ื™ืœ, ืขืจืŸ. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืœื ืžืจื›ืื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 418 (ื”' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื, 28 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2001), ืขืž' 7.
  • ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ', ื ื™ืฆื”. ืœื ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 252 (2001), ืขืž' 9.
  • ื—ื–ืง, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ. ื–ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืขืฉื™ื.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื, 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2001, ืขืž' 32.
  • ื ื’ื™ื“, ื—ื™ื™ื. ืคื•ืจืฅ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืข"ื”, ื’ืœ' 4 (2001), ืขืž' 62ึพ63.
ืขืœ "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ